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Sains Malaysiana 42(9)(2013):
1237–1246
Conservation
Gap Analysis of Dipterocarp Hotspots in Sarawak Using Gis,
Remote
Sensing and Hebarium Data
(Analisis Jurang dalam Pemeliharaan Dipterokap di Sarawak
Menggunakan
Gis, Penderiaan Kawalan Jauh dan Data Herbarium)
Stephen P. Teo1*, Paul
P.K. Chai2
1Forest Department Sarawak, Level 5, Wisma Sumber Alam, 93660
Kuching, Sarawak Malaysia
2International
Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), Level 5, Wisma Sumber Alam
93660
Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
3School
of International Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 88400
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Received:
25 January 2012/Accepted: 8 March 2013
ABSTRACT
Dipterocarpaceae is the dominant tree family in the tropical rain
forests of Southeast Asia. Borneo is the centre of diversity for
the dipterocarps. Identification of hotspots is important for forest
and biodiversity conservation efforts. Species Occurrence Models
(SOMs) were generated for
all 247 species of dipterocarps recorded in Sarawak using herbarium
occurrence data and based on the best model selected. The species
occurrence density map for each genus and category (endemic and
non endemic) was generated by overlaying the SOMs of all species in each genus or category.
The species occurrence density maps were analyzed with land cover
map from Landsat 7-EMT+ images and protected forest areas for identifying
hotspots for conservation in Sarawak. Overlaying the SOM maps revealed that areas in central Sarawak
and the southwest region (northwest Borneo around Kuching) are the
main hotspots of dipterocarp diversity in Sarawak while the coastal
lowland areas in the lower Rejang and Baram River which are mainly
peat swamp forest are poorer in species occurrence density. In terms
of endemism, as with dipterocarp diversity, the mixed diptercarp
forest of central Sarawak is also the most important hotspot. Gap
analysis revealed that most protected forest areas are in southwest
Sarawak (Bako, Kubah, Tanjung Datu and Gunung Gading National Parks)
and in the northern part of Sarawak (Niah, Lambir Hills and Mt Mulu
National Parks). This leaves the hotspots in the central part of
Sarawak least protected. Protected areas only cover between 1.2
and 4% of the total areas for the different hotspots (75% species
density) while majority of the hotspots that are still forested
are outside the protected areas.
Keywords: Dipterocarps; endemic; non-endemic; protected areas;
Sarawak
ABSTRAK
Dipterosarpaceae merupakan famili pokok dominan
hutan hujan tropika Asia Tenggara. Borneo adalah pusat kepelbagaian dipterokarpa.
Pengenalpastian titik panas adalah penting dalam
usaha pemeliharaan kepelbagaian biologi dan hutan. Model
Kehadiran Spesies (SOMs) diperoleh untuk kesemua 24 spesies dipterokarpa
yang direkod di Sarawak menggunakan data herbarium serta memilih
model terbaik. Peta kepadatan spesies bagi setiap
genus dan kategori (endemik dan bukan endemik) diperoleh dengan
menindih kesemua SOM bagi
kesemua spesies di dalam setiap genus atau kategori. Peta
kepadatan spesies ditindih dengan peta penutupan bumi daripada imej
Landsat 7-EMT+ dan kawasan hutan terlindung untuk pengenalpastian
titik panas untuk pemeliharaan di Sarawak. Pertindihan peta
SOM menunjukkan bahawa kawasan
di Sarawak tengah dan kawasan barat daya (barat laut Borneo sekitar
Kuching) merupakan titik panas utama kepelbagaian dipterokarpa di
Sarawak manakala kawasan tanah rendah di hilir Sungai Rejang dan
Sungai Baram yang merupakan hutan gambut adalah rendah kepadatan
spesiesnya. Daripada segi endemisme, seperti
dengan kepelbagaian dipterokarpa, hutan dipterokarpa campuran Sarawak
tengah adalah titik panas yang paling penting. Analisis jurang
menunjukkan bahawa kawasan hutan terlindung yang paling banyak adalah
di barat daya Sarawak (Taman Negara Bako, Kubah, Tanjung Datu dan
Gunung Gading) dan di sebelah bahagian utara Sarawak (Taman Negara
Niah, Bukit Lambir dan Gunung Mulu). Ini meninggalkan
titik panas di bahagian tengah Sarawak paling kurang terlindung.
Kawasan terlindung hanya merangkumi antara 1.2 dan 4% keseluruhan
kawasan bagi pelbagai titik panas (75% kepadatan spesies) manakala
titik panas selebihnya adalah di luar kawasan terlindung.
Kata kunci: Dipterokarpa; endemik; kawasan terlindung;
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*Corresponding author; email: stephetp@sarawak.gov.my
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