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Sains Malaysiana 43(3)(2014):
369–375
Trends in Sulfate Dry Deposition over Mixed Dipterocarp
Forest in Thailand using
Relaxed Eddy Accumulation Method
(Corak Pemendapan Kering Sulfat di atas Hutan Dipterokarpa Campuran
di Thailand menggunakan Kaedah Akumulasi Eddy Santai)
KAN KHOOMSAB1*, POJANIE
KHUMMONGKOL1& KAZUHIDE
MATSUDA2
1Division of Environmental Technology, School of
Energy, Environment and Materials King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi,
126 PrachaUthit Road, Bang Mod, Thungkhru, Bangkok 10140 Thailand
2Faculty of Agriculture Field Science Center, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
Received: 9 October 2012/Accepted: 8 June 2013
ABSTRACT
The relaxed eddy accumulation method (REA) was applied for direct
measurement of sulfate fluxes over mixed dipterocarp forest. The
sampling system using a four-stage filter pack was designed to take
updraft or downdraft air samples in the direction of the vertical
wind velocity. The deadband of the velocity profile was set at ±0.5
σw in which an air sample with velocity within the
set value is rejected. The forest site was located at a latitude
of 13o 35'
13.3''N and longitude of 99o 30' 3.9''E Ratchaburi province in Thailand.
The sampling period was set in 4 time intervals: 6-12, 12-18, 18-24
and 24-6 h for 3 consecutive days/month (n=144) throughout one year.
All the micrometeorological parameters for flux estimation were
measured in real time. The concentration and flux of sulfate were
found to reach a peak value of 1.32 μg m-3 and
8.35 μg m-2
h-1, respectively, at noon time which indicated
the effect of atmospheric instability caused by a high heat transfer
during the day. The one-year average deposition velocity was observed
to be 0.24 cm s-1.The
coefficient β obtained under high ambient temperature and a
humid environment in this tropical climate was 0.49. It has also
been observed that βis relatively insensitive to atmospheric
stability.
Keywords: Dry deposition; forest; sulfate
ABSTRAK
Kaedah akumulasi eddy santai (REA) telah digunakan untuk
pengukuran langsung fluks sulfat di atas hutan dipterokarpa campuran.
Sistem pensampelan dengan menggunakan satu pek penapis empat peringkat
telah direka untuk mengambil sampel udara draf atas atau bawah yang
bergerak dalam arah halaju angin menegak. Paras akhir bagi profil
halaju ditetapkan pada ±0.5 σw dan sampel udara dengan halaju di bawah nilai yang
ditetapkan adalah ditolak. Tapak hutan tersebut terletak di kedudukan
latitud 13o 35' 13.3''N dan longitud 99o 30' 3.9'' E di wilayah
Ratchaburi, Thailand. Tempoh persampelan telah dijalankan dalam
4 selang masa: 6-12, 12-18 , 18-24 dan 24-6 jam dalam 3 hari berturut-turut
/bulan (n=144) dalam tempoh masa satu tahun. Semua parameter meteorologi
mikro untuk anggaran fluks diukur dalam masa sebenar. Sulfat didapati
mencapai paras puncak pada kepekatan dan fluks 1.32 μg m-3 dan 8.35 μg m-2 jam-1 masing-masing pada waktu
tengahari yang menunjukkan kesan ketidakstabilan atmosfera disebabkan
perpindahan haba yang tinggi pada waktu siang. Purata satu tahun
kelajuan pemendapan didapati adalah 0.24 cm s-1. Koefisien β yang diperoleh dalam
keadaan suhu ambien yang tinggi dan humiditi dalam iklim tropika
adalah 0.49. Hasil kajian juga mendapati βis secara relatif
tidak sensitif terhadap kestabilan atmosfera.
Keywords: Hutan; pemendapan kering; sulfat
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*Corresponding author; email: topkan13@hotmail.com
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