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Sains Malaysiana 43(3)(2014):
377–388
Water Quality Status of Selected Rivers in Kota Marudu,
Sabah, Malaysia and
its Suitability for Usage (Status Kualiti Air Beberapa Sungai Terpilih di Kota Marudu,
Sabah,
Malaysia dan Kesesuaian Penggunaannya)
AHMAD ZAHARIN ARIS*, WAN YING LIM, SARVA MANGALA PRAVEENA, MOHD KAMIL YUSOFF, MUHAMMAD FIRUZ RAMLI & HAFIZAN JUAHIR
Environmental
Forensics Research Centre, Faculty of Environmental Studies
Universiti
Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Received:
27 December 2012/Accepted: 7 June 2013
ABSTRACT
The water chemistry of selected rivers in Kota Marudu, Sabah was
studied based on the major ion chemistry and its suitability for drinking and
irrigation purposes. Ten sampling stations were selected and water samples were
collected from each station to assess its chemical properties. The
physico-chemical variables including temperature, electrical conductivity (EC),
total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO),
pH, turbidity, ammoniacal-nitrogen (NH3-N), biological
oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended
solid (TSS)
were measured. The cations (K, Mg, Ca, Na) were analyzed by ICP-MS. Most of the
variables were within the drinking water quality standards stipulated by the
World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ministry of Health (MOH),
Malaysia except for turbidity. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and salinity hazard
were calculated to identify the suitability of the water as irrigation water.
The Wilcox diagram classifies that only 10% of samples are not suitable for the
purpose of irrigation. The overall results showed that most of the rivers in
Kota Marudu are still in a clean condition and suitable for drinking and
irrigation purposes except for Sumbilingan River, which is considered as
slightly polluted. The results are supported by the hierarchical cluster
analysis as the stations were grouped into two groups; low and high pollution
intensities. This preliminary result can update the baseline data of selected
water quality parameters in the Kota Marudu and could serve as tool for
assisting relevant government bodies in regulating the water resources policies
in the future.
Keywords: Guideline; hydrochemistry variation; Kota Marudu; water
quality
ABSTRAK
Ciri kimia air bagi beberapa sungai terpilih di Kota Marudu, Sabah
telah dikaji berdasarkan ciri kimia utama ion dan kesesuaiannya bagi tujuan air
minuman dan pengairan saliran. Sepuluh stesen persampelan telah dipilih dan
sampel air telah diambil dari setiap stesen persampelan terbabit untuk menguji
sifat kimianya. Pembolehubah kimia-fizikal yang disukat termasuklah suhu,
kekonduksian elektrik (EC), jumlah pepejal terlarut (TDS), kemasinan, oksigen
terlarut (DO),
pH, kekeruhan, nitrat-ammoniaka (NH3-N), permintaan oksigen biologi (BOD),
permintaan oksigen kimia (COD) dan juga jumlah pepejal terampai (TSS).
Kation (K, Mg, Ca, Na) telah dianalisis menggunakan ICP-MS. Kebanyakan
pemboleh ubah ini didapati berada dalam julat piawaian kualiti air minuman (DWQS)
yang telah ditetapkan oleh Organisasi Kesihatan Dunia (WHO) serta Kementerian
Kesihatan Malaysia (MOH), kecuali nilai bagi kekeruhan. Kadar
penyerapan natrium (SAR) dan risiko kemasinan telah dikira bagi
mengenal pasti kesesuaian air itu bagi tujuan pengairan saliran. Gambaran
Wilcox telah mengklasifikasikan hanya 10% daripada sampel itu tidak sesuai bagi
tujuan pengairan saliran. Keseluruhan keputusan menunjukkan hampir kesemua
sungai di Kota Marudu masih berada dalam keadaan bersih dan sesuai untuk tujuan
minuman dan pengairan kecuali air dari Sungai Sumbilingan kerana ia telah
dikesan sebagai sedikit tercemar. Keputusan ini telah dikukuhkan lagi dengan
analisis kelompok hierarki, memandangkan kesemua stesen persampelan telah
dibahagikan kepada dua kumpulan; tahap pencemaran rendah dan tinggi. Keputusan
awal ini didapati mampu mengemaskini data sedia ada bagi ciri kualiti air
terpilih di Kota Marudu dan seterusnya dapat dijadikan sebagai satu alat untuk
membantu badan kerajaan yang berkenaan dalam mengatur polisi sumber air pada
masa akan datang.
Kata kunci: Garis panduan; Kota Marudu; kualiti
air; variasi hidrokimia
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