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Sains Malaysiana 43(4)(2014):
513–520
Diversity and Temporal Distribution of Birds in Rice-Growing Landscape, Northern Peninsular Malaysia
(Kepelbagaian dan Taburan
Temporal Burung di Landskap Pertumbuhan Padi,
Utara Semenanjung Malaysia)
A.
NUR MUNIRA1*, A.L.
NURUL SALMI12, M.S.
SHAHRUL ANUAR1, M.A.
MOHD ABDUL
MUIN3, A.
AMIRRUDIN4& S.
NUR JULIANI1
1School of Biological Sciences,
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM),
11800 USM, Pulau Pinang Malaysia
2Center for Marine and Coastal
Studies (CEMACS),
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) 11800 USM,
Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
3Center for Drug Research,
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)11800
USM, Pulau Pinang Malaysia
4Department of Biological
Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology (FST)
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu,
21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
Received: 9 October
2012/Accepted: 15 July 2013
ABSTRACT
Rice fields are traditional landscape
in Malaysia that sustains various species of birds. Waterbirds,
raptors, Passeriformes and Columbiformes were observed and counted
using point count method at rice fields in Bandar Baharu, Kedah
from March 2009 to February 2010. The current status of birds in
the rice fields of Malaysia has not been widely researched. The
objective of this study was to document the bird species richness
and diversity and temporal bird distribution during the annual rice
growing cycle. There were 5120 birds representing 67 species belonging
to 29 families being recorded. The diversity index (Shannon-Wiener)
varied monthly between 2.154 and 3.321. The most abundant bird family
observed was Ardeidae (29.09%), followed by Sturnidae (10.15%) and
Hirundinidae (7.86%). Rice growing seasons involve three main stages;
direct seedling/transplanting, growing and harvesting. Each stage
attracts different bird species to exist in the rice field and surrounding
areas. Statistical analysis showed the alternative hypothesis that
states abundance of bird species is different monthly was accepted
(F11, 24 = 3.033, p< 0.05).
Farming activities and rice growing seasons regularly influenced
birds’ presence in the rice fields and attracted different
bird species. Reclamation and urban development on the rice fields
is a major concern. Conservation efforts and strict regulation of
pesticide use should be implemented to develop sustainable agriculture
practices that are beneficial to human and wildlife communities.
Keywords: Bird species; human
activities; rice fields; rice growing season
ABSTRAK
Sawah padi merupakan landskap tradisi
di Malaysia yang menampung pelbagai spesies burung. Burung air,
burung pemangsa, Passerines dan Columbiformes telah diperhatikan
dan dikira dengan menggunakan kaedah bilang titik di sawah padi,
Bandar Baharu, Kedah dari Mac 2009 hingga Februari 2010. Status
terkini burung di sawah padi Malaysia masih tidak meluas dikaji.
Objektif kajian ini ialah untuk mendokumentasi kekayaan dan kepelbagaian
spesies burung dan taburan temporal burung semasa kitaran pertumbuhan
padi tahunan. Terdapat 5120 individu mewakili 67 spesies dan 29
famili telah direkodkan. Indeks kepelbagaian (Shannon-Weiner) berubah
pada setiap bulan antara 2.154 hingga 3.321. Kelimpahan famili burung
tertinggi yang diperhatikan adalah Ardeidae (29.09%), diikuti oleh
Sturnidae (10.15%) dan Hirundinidae (7.86%). Musim pertumbuhan padi
melibatkan tiga peringkat utama; tabur terus/pemindahan anak benih,
tumbesaran dan menuai. Setiap peringkat menarik spesies burung berlainan
di sawah padi dan kawasan-kawasan sekitarnya. Analisis statistik
menunjukkan hipotesis alternatif yang menyatakan kelimpahan spesies
burung berbeza mengikut bulan diterima (F11,
24 = 3.033, p<0.05). Aktiviti pertanian dan musim pertumbuhan
padi sentiasa mempengaruhi kehadiran burung di sawah padi dan menarik
spesies burung yang berbeza. Penambakan dan pembangunan bandar terhadap
sawah padi merupakan kebimbangan utama. Usaha pemuliharaan dan peraturan
ketat terhadap penggunaan racun perosak perlu dikuatkuasakan bagi
membentuk amalan pertanian lestari yang berfaedah kepada manusia
dan komuniti haiwan liar.
Kata
kunci: Aktiviti manusia; musim pertumbuhan padi; sawah padi; spesies burung
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*Corresponding author; email: munirazman86@gmail.com
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