Sains Malaysiana 44(10)(2015): 1501–1510

Anticholesterol Activity of Anacardium occidentale Linn. Does it Involve in Reverse Cholesterol Transport?

(Aktiviti Antikolesterol Anacardium occidentale Linn: Adakah Pengangkutan Kolesterol Berbalik Terlibat)

MOHD KAMAL NIK HASAN¹*, IHSAN SAFWAN KAMARAZAMAN¹, DARYL JESUS ARAPOC³, NUR ZALIKHA MOHD TAZA¹, ZULKHAIRI HJ. AMOM², RASADAH MAT ALI¹, MOHD SHAHIDAN MOHD ARSHAD¹, ZAMREE MD SHAH¹ & KHAIRUL KAMILAH ABDUL KADIR¹

¹Natural Products Division, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, 52109 Kepong,  Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)

43200 Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

³Agensi Nuklear Malaysia, 43000 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Received: 29 January 2015/Accepted: 4 June 2015

ABSTRACT

Anacardium occidentale belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. It had been scientifically proven to have anti-hypercholesterolemia effect in high cholesterol diet induced animal laboratory study. However there is no study regarding the mechanisms involves in cholesterol reducing effect by A. occidentale leaves extract. In this study, cytotoxic assessment and anti-cholesterol activity of A. occidentale leaves aqueous extract (AOE) were investigated. Cytotoxic study was performed by exposing hepatoma cell (Hep G2) towards AOE with concentration ranging from 0.002 to 20 mg/mL for 24 h. Anacardium occidentale extract was found to be not toxic to the cell. Then, the highest and not toxic AOE concentrations (20, 10, 5 and 2.5 mg/mL) were selected for anti-cholesterol study. The ability of AOE to reduce cholesterol in cell culture experiment was carried out by pretreating Hep G2 with selected concentrations of AOE in 6-well plate before the cell was exposed to low density lipoprotein (LDL). The concentration of farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase (FDFT1), apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL R), scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1), ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA-1) and hepatic lipase (HL) were determined from the 6-well plate media. The results showed that AOE did not significantly increase the concentration of LDLR. However, AOE significantly increased the concentration of FDFT1, APO A1, LCAT, SRB-1, ABCA-1 and HL. The HMGR activity experiment showed that all selected AOE concentrations cannot significantly reduce the HMGR enzyme activity. These findings suggested that AOE may involve in reverse cholesterol transport process to reduce cholesterol metabolism in Hep G2 cell.

Keywords: Anacardium occidentale; cholesterol metabolism; cytotoxic; Hep G2; reverse cholesterol transport

ABSTRAK

A. occidentale adalah daripada keluarga Anacardiaceae. Ia telah terbukti secara saintifik mempunyai kesan antihiperkolesterolemia terhadap haiwan eksperimen makmal yang diberikan diet berkolesterol tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, mekanisme yang terlibat dalam menurunkan kolesterol oleh ekstrak daun A. occidentale masih belum dikaji. Dalam penyelidikan ini, penilaian sitotoksik dan aktiviti antikolesterol oleh ekstrak akuas daun A. occidentale (AOE) telah dikaji. Kajian sitotoksik telah dilakukan dengan mendedahkan sel hepatoma (Hep G2) kepada AOE berkepekatan daripada 0.002 hingga 20 mg/mL selama 24 jam. Ekstrak A. occidentale didapati tidak toksik kepada sel. Kemudian, kepekatan AOE tertinggi dan tidak toksik (20, 10, 5 dan 2.5 mg/mL) telah dipilih untuk kajian antikolesterol. Keupayaan AOE untuk mengurangkan kolesterol dalam eksperimen kultur sel dilakukan dengan merawat Hep G2 menggunakan AOE berkepekatan terpilih dalam plat 6-telaga sebelum sel didedahkan dengan lipoprotein ketumpatan rendah (LDL). Kepekatan farnesil-difosfat farnesiltransferase (FDFT1), apolipoprotin A1 (Apo A1), lesitin-kolesterol asiltransferase (LCAT), reseptor ketumpatan rendah lipoprotein (LDLR), reseptor pembangkai -B1 (SR-B1), kaset pengangkut pengikat ATP A1 (ABCA-1) dan lipase hepatik (HL) telah ditentukan dalam media daripada plat 6-telaga. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa AOE tidak meningkatkan kepekatan LDLR secara signifikan. Walau bagaimanapun, AOE meningkatkan kepekatan FDFT1, APO A1, LCAT, SRB-1 dan ABCA-1 secara signifikan. Ujian aktiviti HMGR menunjukkan bahawa semua kepekatan AOE terpilih tidak boleh mengurangkan aktiviti enzim HMGR. Penemuan ini menunjukkan bahawa AOE mungkin terlibat dalam proses pengangkutan kolesterol berbalik untuk mengurangkan metabolisme kolesterol dalam sel Hep G2.

Kata kunci: Anacardium occidentale; Hep G2; metabolisme kolesterol; pengangkutan kolesterol berbalik; sitotoksik

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*Corresponding author; email: mohdkamal@frim.gov.my