Sains Malaysiana 44(11)(2015): 1541–1550

Study on the Preparation of Cellulose Nanofibre (CNF) from Kenaf Bast Fibre for Enzyme Immobilization Application

(Kajian terhadap Penyediaan Nano-gentian Selulosa (CNF) daripada Gentian Kulit Kenaf untuk Aplikasi Pemegunan Enzim)

SAFWAN SULAIMAN¹, MOHD NORIZNAN MOKHTAR¹*, MOHD NAZLI NAIM¹, AZHARI SAMSU BAHARUDDIN¹, MOHAMAD AMRAN MOHD SALLEH² & ALAWI SULAIMAN³

¹Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia

43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

³Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Received: 28 March 2015/Accepted: 12 June 2015

ABSTRACT

This paper discussed on the preparation of natural CNF from kenaf bast fibre for the application as a support structure in enzyme immobilization. The treatments involved for this preparation were delignification, bleaching and high-intensity ultra-sonication process to obtain nanofibre with high cellulose content and less than 100 nm diameter. Chemical composition analysis showed the influence of each process treatment on cellulose content of raw bast fibre, bleached pulp fibre and CNF(63.67, 81.12 and 91.97%, respectively). By increasing the cellulose content and decreasing the size of cellulose fibre, it resulted in a greater number of –OH functional group on its surface that plays as important role in enzyme immobilization. FTIR spectroscopy confirms that the removal of lignin and hemicellulose from the fibre after the treatments, as well as its interaction with coupling agents and CGTase enzyme. About 62.10% of enzyme loading and 45.62% of its activity yield were obtained after immobilization. Enzymatic reaction of immobilized CGTase on CNF indicates about more than 60% relative production yield of α-CD was achieved and its reusability was able to retain about 67.0% from its initial activity after 8 cycles of reaction. Therefore, the CNF is a good potential as a support for enzyme immobilization.

Keywords: Cellulose nanofibre (CNF); covalent immobilization; cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase); kenaf

ABSTRAK

Kertas ini membincangkan penyediaan CNF semula jadi daripada serabut kulit kenaf untuk aplikasi sebagai struktur sokongan dalam pemegunan enzim. Rawatan yang terlibat dalam penyediaan ini ialah delignasi, pelunturan dan proses ultrasonikasi berkeamatan tinggi untuk memperoleh nano-serabut dengan kandungan selulosa yang tinggi dan berdiameter kurang daripada 100 nm. Analisis komposisi kimia menunjukkan kesan akibat daripada proses rawatan terhadap kandungan selulosa pada serabut kulit mentah, serabut pulpa terluntur dan CNF (masing-masing adalah 63.67, 81.12 dan 91.97%). Dengan peningkatan kandungan selulosa dan pengurangan saiz serabut selulosa, ia menghasilkan lebih banyak kumpulan berfungsi –OH pada permukaannya yang memainkan peranan penting dalam pemegunan enzim. FTIR spektroskopi mengesahkan penyingkiran lignin dan hemiselulosa daripada serabut selepas proses rawatan tersebut serta interaksinya dengan agen perhubungan dan enzim CGTase. Sebanyak 62.10% muatan enzim dan 45.62% hasilan aktiviti diperoleh selepas pemegunan. Tindak balas enzim CGTase terpegun pada CNF menunjukkan lebih daripada 60% hasil pengeluaran relatif α-CD dicapai dan penggunaan semulanya dapat mengekalkan sebanyak 67.0% daripada aktiviti awal selepas 8 kitaran tindak balas. Oleh itu, CNF berpotensi baik sebagai penyokong untuk pemegunan enzim.

Kata kunci: Kenaf; nano-serabut selulosa (CNF); pemegunan kovalen; siklodekrin glukanotransferase (CGTase)

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*Corresponding author; email: noriznan@upm.edu.my