Sains Malaysiana 48(12)(2019): 2727–2735

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4812-14

West Nile Virus Infection in Human and Animals: Potential Risks in Malaysia

(Jangkitan Virus Nil Barat pada Manusia dan Haiwan: Potensi Risiko di Malaysia)

NUR AIN NAJWA MOHD YUSERI¹, NOR YASMIN ABD. RAHAMAN¹*, ABDUL RAHMAN OMAR^2,4, SITI SURI ARSHAD², JALILA ABU³ & HUSSNI OMAR MOHAMMED⁵

¹Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

³Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

⁴Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutic, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

⁵College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States of America

Received: 23 June 2019/Accepted: 2 October 2019

ABSTRACT

West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic RNA virus maintained in enzootic cycles involving mosquito mainly Culex and Aedes spp. as the vector and birds as the reservoir host. WNV is endemic in Africa, Europe and Western Asia. Human infection results in asymptomatic illness such as fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, vomiting, skin rash, swollen lymph glands and neuroinvasive disease are seen in less than 1% of infected persons. The spectrum of symptoms in animals includes fever, weakness and paralysis of hind limbs, impaired vision, ataxia, head pressing, aimless wandering, seizures, inability to swallow, walking in circles and coma. Based on the previous study in Malaysia, the antibody and nucleic acid against WNV were detected in Orang Asli, captive birds and horses. In this paper, potential risk factors contributing to WNV occurrence are discussed. How the disease or infection is diagnosed and controlled was also discussed.

Keywords: Arthropod-borne virus; vector; West Nile virus; zoonotic

ABSTRAK

Virus Nil Barat (WNV) adalah virus RNA zoonosis yang dikekalkan dalam kitaran enzootik yang melibatkan nyamuk terutamanya Culex dan Aedes spp. sebagai vektor dan burung sebagai perumah reservoir. WNV adalah endemik di Afrika, Eropah dan Asia Barat. Jangkitan pada manusia akan mengakibatkan penyakit tidak bergejala seperti demam, sakit kepala, keletihan, sakit badan, loya, muntah, ruam kulit, bengkak kelenjar limfa dan penyakit neuroinvasif dilihat kurang daripada 1% pada orang yang dijangkiti. Spektrum simptom pada haiwan termasuk demam, lemah dan lumpuh anggota belakang, gangguan penglihatan, ataksia, tekanan kepala, merayau tanpa tujuan, kejang, ketidakupayaan untuk menelan, berjalan dalam lingkaran dan koma. Berdasarkan kajian terdahulu di Malaysia, antibodi dan asid nukleik terhadap WNV dikesan pada Orang Asli, burung sangkar dan kuda. Dalam kertas ini, faktor risiko berpotensi yang menyumbang kepada terjadinya WNV dibincangkan. Bagaimana penyakit atau jangkitan didiagnosis dan dikawal juga turut dibincangkan.

Kata kunci: Vektor; virus bawaan artopod; virus Nil Barat; zoonosis

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*Corresponding author; email: noryasmin@upm.edu.my