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Sains Malaysiana 50(1)(2021): 135-149
http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5001-14
Preparation and Characterization of Copper, Iron, and Nickel Doped
Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts for Decolorization of Methylene Blue
(Penyediaan dan Pencirian Fotomangkin daripada Tembaga, Besi dan Nikel Titanium Dioksida untuk Penyahwarnaan Metilena Biru)
JAWED QADERI1,2,
CHE ROZID MAMAT1 & AISHAH ABDUL JALIL3,4
1Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia
2Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of
Chemistry, Kabul University, Jamal Mina, Kabul, Afghanistan
3School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty
of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia
4Centre of Hydrogen Energy,
Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru,
Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia
Received:
7 April 2020/Accepted: 23 June 2020
ABSTRACT
The visible-light response is a necessary condition
for titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst to function as a visible light active photocatalyst.
This condition can be solved by investigation of the bandgaps and the
optimization of doping levels of multivalency metal-doped TiO2. In this study, pure and Cu, Fe,
and Ni-doped TiO2 photocatalysts were prepared by the sol‐gel method. The photocatalysts were characterized using XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, N2 physisorption, and UV‐Vis spectrophotometry
techniques. The XRD patterns of all pure TiO2 and Cu/TiO2,
Fe/TiO2, and Ni/TiO2 samples showed the dominant
structure of the anatase TiO2 phase. The
presence of functional groups at the interface of TiO2 particles was
showed by FTIR. The FESEM analysis showed that the particle size of the
prepared samples was uniform with spherical morphology. EDX results showed that
TiO2 has successfully incorporated Cu, Fe, and Ni metals onto its
surface. The BET analysis showed that the specific surface area of the doped
samples increased with the amount of doping. The optical properties of all
samples were carried out using UV‑DRS measurements and their obtained
bandgap energies were in the range of 3.22 - 3.42 eV. The pure TiO2 displayed more than 98% and 97% decolorization rates
for MB solution at the end of irradiation time of 5 h under UV and visible
light, respectively. Among the doped samples, 3 mol%
Ni/TiO2 and Cu/TiO2 demonstrated the highest
photocatalytic activity (97.65%) under UV light and 6 mol%
Ni/TiO2 under visible light for MB (96.86%) decolorization.
Keywords: Cu/TiO2; Fe/TiO2; Ni/TiO2; photocatalyst; sol-gel; titanium dioxide (TiO2)
ABSTRAK
Tindak balas cahaya nampak adalah syarat penting fotomangkin titanium dioksida (TiO2) berfungsi sebagai fotomangkin cahaya tampak aktif. Keadaan ini boleh diselesaikan dengan penyelidikan jurang jalur dan pengoptimuman kandungan dopan logam pelbagai valensi dalam TiO2. Dalam kajian ini, fotomangkin TiO2 tulen dan yang didopkan dengan logam peralihan pada kala keempat iaitu, Cu, Fe, dan Ni, telah disediakan melalui kaedah sol‐gel. Fotomangkin dicirikan menggunakan teknik XRD, FTIR,
FESEM, EDX, N2 dan spektrofotometri UV‐Vis. Spektrum XRD bagi semua TiO2 tulen dan Cu/TiO2, Fe/TiO2 dan Ni/TiO2 menunjukkan struktur dominan fasa anatase TiO2. Kehadiran ikatan kimia yang kuat antara permukaan zarah TiO2 telah dibuktikan oleh FTIR. Analisis FESEM mendedahkan bahawa saiz zarah sampel yang disediakan seragam dengan morfologi sfera. Keputusan EDX menunjukkan TiO2 telah berjaya didopkan dengan logam Cu, Fe dan Ni di atas permukaannya. Analisis BET menunjukkan kawasan permukaan khusus sampel dopan meningkat dengan jumlah bahan dopan. Sifat optik kesemua sampel telah diuji menggunakan kaedah pengukuran UV‐DRS dan tenaga jalur yang diperoleh berada dalam julat 3.22 - 3.42 eV. Fotomangkin TiO2 tulen menunjukkan lebih daripada 98% dan 97% kadar penguraian foto untuk MB pada penghujung masa penyinaran selama 5 jam di bawah sinaran UV dan cahaya nampak. Antara semua sampel TiO2 yang berdop,
3 mol% Ni/TiO2 dan Cu/TiO2 menunjukkan aktiviti fotomangkin tertinggi (97.65%) di bawah cahaya UV dan 6 mol% Ni/TiO2 di bawah cahaya tampak untuk MB (96.86%).
Kata kunci: Cu/TiO2; Fe/TiO2; Ni/TiO2; fotomangkin; sol-gel; titanium dioksida (TiO2)
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*Corresponding author; email: cherozid@tm.my
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