Sains Malaysiana 50(2)(2021): 395-407

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5002-11

Physiochemical and in vitro Cytotoxicity Properties of Biocompatible Palm Fatty Acid-Based Polyesters

(Sifat Fizikokimia dan Kesitotoksikan in vitro Poliester Bioserasi Berasaskan Asid Lemak Sawit)

YVONNE TZE QZIAN LING^1,2, YIING JYE YAP³, YI XIN HENG^1,2, SIANG YIN LEE²*, RHUN YIAN KOH⁴, DESMOND TECK CHYE ANG¹, CHIN HUA CHIA⁵ & SENG NEON GAN¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

²Latex Science and Technology Unit (USTL), Technology and Engineering Division (BTK), RRIM Sungai Buloh Research Station, Malaysian Rubber Board (MRB), 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

³Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

⁴School of Health Sciences, Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, International Medical University, No.126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

⁵Material Science Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Received: 15 Mei 2019/Accepted: 21 July 2020

ABSTRACT

With the sharp rise in global interest in sustainability and environmental concerns, there is a growing demand in replacing petroleum-derived raw materials with renewable plant-based raw materials in the production of polymers. In this study, two palm fatty acid polyesters were synthesized from palmitic and stearic acids. Their chemical structures were identified by FTIR and ¹H-NMR analysis. Both polyesters showed a moderately high conversion rate from the acid value determination. DSC analysis showed that the palmitic acid polyester (PAP) had a lower T_g than that of stearic acid polyester (SAP), where PAP had a T_g of 1.8 °C, while SAP had a T_g of 31.9 °C. TGA demonstrated that thermal decomposition of both polyesters took place via two-stage processes, which occurred above 200 °C. GPC analysis showed that PAP (1031 g/mol) had a higher M_n value than SAP (972 g/mol). MTT assays were performed to determine the cytotoxicity of these polyesters against human keratinocytes (HaCaT), mouse fibroblasts (3T3), mouse hepatocytes (H2.35), and canine kidney cells (MDCK) in both dose- and time-dependent manners, with SDS serving as the experimental benchmark. Comparative cytotoxicity test showed that both PAP and SAP were biocompatibility and non-cytotoxic with the cell viability well above 80%, except SAP demonstrated a moderately low cytotoxicity on fibroblasts with cell viability remaining as 50.4% following 72 h exposure at 100 µg/mL of concentration. These findings suggest that the natural-sourced palm fatty acid polyesters have high potential to be used in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

Keywords: Bio-based; cytotoxicity; palm fatty acid; polyester

ABSTRAK

Dengan kenaikan mendadak minat secara global terhadapkelestarian dan kebimbangan alam sekitar, terdapat permintaan yang semakin meningkat untuk menggantikan bahan mentah berasaskan petroleum kepada bahan mentah berasaskan tumbuhan yang boleh diperbaharui untuk penghasilan polimer. Dalam kajian ini, dua poliester berasaskan asid lemak sawit telah disintesis daripada asid palmitik dan stearik. Struktur kimia kedua-dua poliester telah dikenal pasti oleh analisis FTIR dan ¹H-NMR. Daripada ujian penentuan nilai asid, kedua-dua poliester menunjukkan kadar penukaran yang agak tinggi. Analisis DSC juga menunjukkan poliester asid palmitik (PAP) mempunyai T_g yang lebih rendah daripada poliester asid stearik (SAP) dengan PAP mempunyai T_g 1.8 °C dan SAP mempunyai T_g 31.9 °C. Analisis TGA menunjukkan terdapat dua peringkat penguraian terma poliester yang bermula dari 200 °C ke atas. Analisis GPC menunjukkan bahawa PAP (1031 g/mol) mempunyai nilai M_n yang lebih tinggi daripada SAP (972 g/mol). Ujian MTT dilakukan untuk menentukan kesitotoksikan poliester terhadap kultur sel seperti keratinosit manusia (HaCaT), tikus fibroblas (3T3), hepatosit tetikus (H2.35) dan sel ginjal kanin (MDCK) dalam kedua-dua faktor dos dan masa. SDS berfungsi sebagai penanda aras uji kaji untuk perbandingan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa PAP and SAP mempunyai daya tahan sel melebihi 80% dan bersifat bioserasi serta tidak sitotoksik, kecuali SAP menunjukkan sitotoksik sederhana rendah dengan daya tahan sel 50.4% ekoran pendedahan sel selama 72 jam pada kepekatan 100 µg/mL. Keputusan kajian ini mencadangkan bahawa poliester berasaskan asid lemak sawit mempunyai potensi tinggi untuk digunakan dalam aplikasi farmaseutik dan nutraseutik.

Kata kunci: Asid lemak sawit; berasaskan bio; kesitotoksikan; poliester

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*Corresponding author; email: leesiangyin@lgm.gov.my