Sains Malaysiana 51(10)(2022): 3171-3182

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5110-05

Comparative Analysis on the Role of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in the Expression of Bioactive Compounds in Callus of Capsicum frutescens

(Analisis Perbandingan Peranan Asid 2,4-diklorofenoksiasetik dalam Pengekspresan Sebatian Bioaktif dalam Kalus Capsicum frutescens)

JAMILAH SYAFAWATI YAACOB^1,2,*, MUHAMMAD AIMAN RAMLI¹, MUHAMAD HAFIZ ABD RAHIM³, ABIGAIL MARIE ROBERT SELVARAJ¹ & LAAVANYA NYANASAIGRAN¹

¹Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

²Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

³Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Received: 26 November 2021/Accepted: 14 June 2022

Abstract

Plant cell culture technology serves as an effective alternative system for in vitro production of bioactive molecules, as it allows for the exploration of valuable compounds under a controlled environment. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of plant growth regulator (PGR); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on the expression of compounds in coloured callus of Capsicum frutescens, a vital spice in various cuisines worldwide. The differential accumulation of compounds in the callus was analysed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) and the PGR concentration that resulted in the highest accumulation of the valuable compounds was identified. In this study, calli of various colours (cream, yellow and green) were successfully produced from C. frutescens through plant tissue culture. The increase in 2,4-D concentrations was found to increase callus growth index (GI) and specific growth rate (S_g), where the highest GI (0.5690) and S_g (0.6348 mg/week) were observed in callus produced in media supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. LCMS data analyses showed that 19 compounds were detected in the callus, with 8 compounds (fatty acids and phenolics) were successfully identified, while the remaining 11 compounds were reported as unknowns. Yellow-coloured callus was observed to contain the highest number of compounds (18 compounds), while green callus contained the least (14 compounds). This analysis provides valuable information on the application of biotechnological tools such as plant tissue culture as an alternative for sustainable production of compounds with high bioactivity in Capsicum frutescens.

Keywords: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; Capsicum frutescens; compounds; LCMS; plant growth regulator

Abstrak

Teknologi kultur sel tumbuhan berfungsi sebagai sistem alternatif yang berkesan untuk menghasilkan molekul bioaktif secara in vitro kerana ia membolehkan penerokaan sebatian berharga dijalankan di bawah persekitaran yang terkawal. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menilai kesan pengatur pertumbuhan tumbuhan (PGR); asid 2,4-diklorofenoksiasetik (2,4-D) ke atas pengekspresan sebatian dalam kalus berwarna Capsicum frutescens yang merupakan rempah penting dalam pelbagai masakan di seluruh dunia. Perbezaan kandungan sebatian dalam kalus tersebut dianalisis menggunakan kromatografi cecair spektrometri jisim (LCMS) dan sukatan PGR yang menghasilkan kandungan sebatian yang tertinggi telah dikenal pasti. Dalam kajian ini, kalus pelbagai warna (krim, kuning dan hijau) berjaya dihasilkan daripada C. frutescens melalui kultur tisu tumbuhan. Peningkatan sukatan 2,4-D didapati meningkatkan indeks pertumbuhan kalus (GI) dan kadar pertumbuhan khusus (S_g) dengan kalus yang dihasilkan dalam media yang ditambah dengan 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D didapati menunjukkan GI (0.5690) dan S_g (0.6348 mg/minggu) yang paling tinggi. Analisis data LCMS pula menunjukkan bahawa 19 sebatian telah dikesan dalam kalus tersebut dengan 8 sebatian (asid lemak dan fenolik) berjaya dikenal pasti, manakala 11 sebatian selebihnya dilaporkan sebagai tidak diketahui. Kalus berwarna kuning didapati mengandungi jumlah sebatian tertinggi (18 sebatian), manakala kalus hijau mengandungi jumlah sebatian yang paling sedikit (14 sebatian). Analisis ini telah memberi maklumat berharga tentang aplikasi teknik bioteknologi seperti kultur tisu tumbuhan sebagai alternatif untuk penghasilan sebatian dengan bioaktiviti tinggi dalam Capsicum frutescens secara mapan.

Kata kunci: Asid 2,4-diklorofenoksiasetik; Capsicum frutescens; LCMS; pengatur pertumbuhan tumbuhan; sebatian

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^*Corresponding author; email: jamilahsyafawati@um.edu.my