Sains Malaysiana 51(12)(2022): 3995-4008

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5112-10

Pengoptimuman Penyingkiran Sulfamethoxazole melalui Kaedah Gerak Balas Permukaan menggunakan Reka Bentuk Komposit Berpusatkan Muka

(Optimization of Sulfamethoxazole Removal by Surface Reaction Method using Face Centered Composite Design)

WAN YUSREENA ILYA WAN AZIZEE & NURFAIZAH ABU TAHRIM^*

 Jabatan Sains Kimia, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Received:14 March 2022/Accepted: 26 August 2022

Abstrak

Pencemaran disebabkan oleh sisa farmaseutik semakin membimbangkan sejak kebelakangan ini kerana ia memberi kesan buruk terutamanya kepada alam sekitar. Terdapat pelbagai kaedah yang dicadangkan oleh penyelidik untuk menyingkirkan bahan cemar tersebut. Penjerapan menggunakan karbon teraktif merupakan salah satu kaedah yang sering digunakan untuk menyingkirkan sisa farmaseutik dalam air. Untuk memperoleh peratus penyingkiran yang maksimum, pengoptimuman perlu dilakukan. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengoptimumkan parameter yang mempengaruhi penjerapan sulfamethoxazole (SMX). Pengoptimuman dilakukan melalui kaedah gerak balas permukaan (RSM) dengan reka bentuk berpusatkan muka (FCCCD). Parameter yang dikaji adalah kepekatan asal larutan SMX, dos karbon teraktif dan juga masa interaksi. Daripada analisis RSM, model kuadratik telah dibangunkan dengan nilai pekali penentuan, R² 0.9861. Berdasarkan analisis tersebut, didapati dos karbon teraktif dan masa interaksi adalah paling signifikan dalam mempengaruhi peratus penyingkiran SMX berbanding kepekatan asal larutan SMX. Keadaan optimum parameter adalah kepekatan asal larutan SMX = 6 mg/L, dos karbon teraktif = 30 mg dan masa interaksi = 78.02 minit dengan peratus penyingkiran yang dicapai adalah 99.65%. Secara keseluruhannya, hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa keadaan optimum yang telah dicadangkan oleh RSM boleh digunakan dalam penjerapan SMX. Selain itu, proses penjerapan SMX ialah jerapan kimia dan berlaku secara berbilang lapisan pada permukaan heterogen.

Kata kunci: Air; kaedah gerak balas permukaan (RSM); pengoptimuman; reka bentuk komposit berpusatkan muka (FCCCD); sulfamethoxazole

Abstract

Pollution caused by pharmaceutical waste has become a concern these days due to its negative effect especially towards the environment. There were various kinds of methods that had been suggested by researchers to remove these contaminants. Adsorption using activated carbon was one of the most commonly used method to remove pharmaceutical waste in water. In order to obtain the maximum percentage removal, optimization need to be done. The purpose of this study was to optimize the parameters that affect the adsorption of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in water to achieve the maximum percentage removal of SMX. The optimization was done by response surface method using face-centered central composite design (FCCCD). The parameters studied were initial concentration of SMX, activated carbon dosage and interaction time. From the RSM analysis, quadratic model was developed with the value of coefficient, R² 0.9681. Based on the analysis, the dosage of activated carbon and the time of interactions were the most significant in affecting the percentage removal of SMX compared to initial concentration of SMX. The optimum parameter conditions obtained were the initial concentration of SMX solution = 6 mg/L, activated carbon dosage = 30 mg and interaction time = 78.02 min, with a removal percentage of 99.65%. Overall, the results show that the optimum conditions suggested by RSM can be used in the adsorption of SMX. Other than that, the adsorption process of SMX were chemisorption and it occurred in multilayer on a heterogenous surface.

Keywords: Face-centered central composite design (FCCCD); optimization; response surface method (RSM); sulfamethoxazole; water

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^*Corresponding author; email: nfaizah@ukm.edu.my