Sains Malaysiana 51(4)(2022): 1099-1109

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5104-12

Optimum Extraction Condition of Anacardium occidentale on Antiurolithiatic Activities (in-vitro)

(Keadaan Pengekstrakan Optimum Anacardium occidentale pada

Aktiviti Antiurolithiatik (in-vitro))

NUR FAZIRA ABDUL RAHIM, NORHAYATI MUHAMMAD^* & NORAZLIN ABDULLAH

Department of Technology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, UTHM - Campus (Pagoh Branch), Pagoh Education Hub, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Muar, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia

Received: 9 June 2021/Accepted: 1 September 2021

ABSTRACT

Urolithiasis or kidney stone has become a worldwide problem including Malaysia. Its management is depending on surgical procedures that are quite costly and can cause reoccurrence. Anacardium occidentale (cashew) has been used traditionally to treat urolithiasis but no scientific data has been recorded that proven its efficiency particularly on its extraction parameters. Therefore, this study aims to identify the optimum extraction parameters of A. occidentale leaves extracts on in-vitro antiurolithiatic activities using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The effect of three extraction parameters (solvent concentration, X₁; extraction temperature, X₂; extraction time, X₃) on antiurolithiatic activities (turbidity or nucleation assay, Y₁; titrimetric or calcium oxalate dissolution assay, Y₂) were determined by Central Composite Design (CCD). The results showed that each parameter and its interaction significantly affect the antiurolithiatic activities (p < 0.05). The quadratic model was closely fitted for all responses as the R² values obtained were 0.9786 (turbidity assay) and 0.9956 (titrimetric assay). The optimum extraction condition of A. occidentale leaves extract suggested by the predicted model was at 0.4% ethanol concentration, temperature 31.5 ℃ and for 30 min of extraction time, exhibited antiurolithiatic activities of 85.57 ± 0.43% (turbidity) and 96.48 ± 0.70% (titrimetric). The phytochemical screening was done on the presence of phenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins as well as terpernoids and all phytochemicals were identified in the optimized A. occidentale leaves extract. This study has given basic scientific evidence that optimum extraction conditions are necessary to obtain optimum antiurolithiatic activity.

Keywords: Anacardium occidentale; antiurolithiatic; extraction parameters; in-vitro; RSM

ABSTRAK

Urolithiasis atau batu karang telah menjadi permasalahan di seluruh dunia termasuk Malaysia. Pengurusannya bergantung pada prosedur pembedahan yang agak mahal dan boleh menyebabkan pembentukan semula. Anacardium occidentale (gajus) telah digunakan secara tradisi untuk merawat urolitiatik tetapi tiada data saintifik yang direkodkan bagi membuktikan keberkesanannya terutama pada parameter pengekstrakannya. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti parameter pengekstrakan yang optimum bagi ekstrak daun A. occidentale secara in-vitro terhadap aktiviti antiurolitiatik melalui Kaedah Permukaan Tindak Balas (RSM). Kesan tiga parameter pengekstrakan (kepekatan pelarut, X₁; suhu pengekstrakan, X₂; masa pengekstrakan, X₃) terhadap aktiviti antiurolitiatik (kaedah kekeruhan atau nukleasi, Y₁; kaedah titrimetrik atau pembubaran kalsium oksalat, Y₂) ditentukan oleh Pusat Reka Bentuk Komposit (CCD). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa setiap parameter dan interaksinya secara signifikan mempengaruhi aktiviti antiurolitiatik (p < 0.05). Model kuadratik telah dipilih untuk semua respons kerana nilai R² yang diperoleh adalah 0.9786 (kaedah kekeruhan) dan 0.9956 (kaedah titrimetrik). Keadaan pengekstrakan optimum ekstrak daun A. occidentale yang dicadangkan oleh model ramalan adalah pada kepekatan etanol 0.4%, suhu 31.5 °C dan 30 min masa pengekstrakan, menunjukkan aktiviti antiurolitiatik 85.57 ± 0.43% (kekeruhan) dan 96.48 ± 0.70% (titrimetrik). Ujian fitokimia dilakukan bagi menentukan kehadiran fenol, tanin, flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin serta terpernoid dan kesemua fitokimia telah dapat dikenal pasti dalam ekstrak daun A. occidentale yang dioptimumkan. Kajian ini telah memberikan bukti saintifik asas bahawa keadaan pengekstrakan optimum diperlukan untuk menghasilkan aktiviti antiurolitiatik yang optimum.

Kata kunci: Anacardium occidentale; antiurolitiatik; in-vitro; parameter pengekstrakan; RSM

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^*Corresponding author; email: norhayatim@uthm.edu.my