Sains Malaysiana 51(4)(2022): 1245-1259

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5104-23

Recycle Glass Waste as a Host for Solidification of Oil Sludge

(Sisa Kaca Kitar Semula sebagai Perumah untuk Pemejalan Enap Cemar Minyak)

NUR SYUHADA IZZATI RUZALI¹, SYAZWANI MOHD FADZIL^1,2*, WOOYONG UM^3,4, MOHD IDZAT IDRIS^1,2 & ROHYIZA BA’AN⁵

¹Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Nuclear Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

³Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Chongam-lo, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea

⁴Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Chongam-lo, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea

⁵Waste and Environmental Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Received: 9 June 2021/Accepted: 7 September 2021

Abstract

The production of oil sludge per year is more than 1 billion tonne that mainly generated from the production, refinery, storage, and transportation of petroleum. Disposal of oil sludge had been a great issue since the waste consists of highly concentrated of Natural Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM). Therefore, to overcome this problem, this study aims to investigate used and recycle borosilicate glass as a host for solidification of oil sludge. The oil sludge and glass host were mixed into different compositions, melted at high temperature (1,100 °C -1,200 °C) for 1 h in alumina crucible and rapidly cooling in the room temperature, by reducing the radioactivity levels of NORM. This study found out that, the optimum waste loading was obtained at a range of 20-25 wt% of oil sludge and 75-80 wt% of the glass host at 1,200 °C. All the glass waste was produced as an amorphous phase material with small amount of crystalline phase such as SiO₂, Ba₄-Al₂-O₇, AlPO₄, Al₂O₃ and Fe₃Zn₁₀, which observed to be appeared during the cooling process. The major elements of the glass waste were found to be distributed uniformly based on energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping. Furthermore, the dissolution rate of indicator element increased due to the increase of pH solution, while the normalized releases of B, Si, and Na during product consistency tests were low and below the standard glass limit, which shows high durability of the glass due to lower release of glass elements. Therefore, this study emphasized the suitability of recycle borosilicate glass as a host for immobilization of oil sludge prior for disposal, while deploying high temperature technology.

Keywords: Borosilicate glass; hazardous waste; naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM); oil sludge; vitrification process

Abstrak

Penghasilan enap cemar minyak daripada industri petroleum adalah melebihi 1 bilion tan pada setiap tahun semasa proses penghasilan, penyulingan, penyimpanan dan pengangkutan. Pelupusan enap cemar minyak telah menjadi isu besar kerana sisa enap cemar mengandungi unsur yang berbahaya. Oleh itu, bagi mengatasi masalah ini, enap cemar minyak dan sisa kaca dicampur menerusi beberapa komposisi yang berbeza dan dipanaskan pada suhu yang tinggi (1,100 °C -1,200 °C) selama 1 jam dan disejukkan pada suhu bilik bagi mengurangkan bahan berbahaya seperti radionuklid tabii (NORM). Keputusan kajian mendapati muatan sisa yang optimum adalah dalam julat 20-25 bt% enap cemar dan 75-80 bt% perumah kaca yang dipanaskan pada suhu 1,200 °C. Kesemua bentuk sisa kaca akhir mempunyai fasa amorfus dengan fasa hablur yang kecil seperti SiO₂, Ba₄-Al₂-O₇, AlPO₄, Al₂O₃ dan Fe₃Zn₁₀, yang mungkin terhasil semasa proses penyejukan. Unsur utama tertabur dengan sekata menerusi pemetaan spektroskopi sinar-X penyebaran tenaga (EDX). Selain itu, kadar larutan unsur penunjuk meningkat dengan peningkatan pH larutan, manakala pembebasan ternormal oleh B, Si, dan Na semasa ujian larut lesap adalah rendah dan di bawah had piawaian kaca, yang menunjukkan ketahanan kaca yang tinggi disebabkan pelepasan unsur kaca yang rendah. Oleh itu, kajian ini menekankan kesesuaian kaca borosilikat yang dikitar semula untuk digunakan sebagai perumah untuk memegunkan sisa enap cemar minyak sebelum dilupuskan dengan menggunakan teknologi bersuhu tinggi.

Kata kunci: Enap cemar minyak; kaca borosilikat; proses pengacaan; radionuklid tabii (NORM); sisa berbahaya

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^*Corresponding author; email: syazwanimf@ukm.edu.my