Sains Malaysiana 51(8)(2022): 2351-2364

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5108-02

Spatiotemporal Dispersal Study of Mangrove Avicennia marina and Rhizophora apiculata Propagules

(Kajian Penyebaran Spatiotemporal Propagul Pokok Bakau Avicennia marina dan Rhizophora apiculata)

WONG YUN YUN¹, FOONG SWEE YEOK^2,*, WANG YOUSHAO³, DAI LU⁴, MAO LIMI⁵ & GOH THIAN LAI⁶

¹Nature Classroom. naturclassroom.nhj@gmail.com

²School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia

³State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography & Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

 ⁴School of Ocean & Earth Science, Tongji University, P.R. China

⁵Department of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China

⁶School of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Received: 30 August 2021/Accepted: 9 February 2022

Abstract

The propagule dispersal pattern of the two common mangrove species, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. and Rhizophora apiculata Blume at a mangrove fringed coast, in the southwest tip of Penang Island was examined. Propagule dispersal study of both species were carried out by release and recapture method, while early developments of propagule were observed by an on-site tethering system. A. marina propagules recorded higher dispersal rate as compared to R. apiculata. After 60 tidal cycles, almost all propagules had moved away from the initial release site under the influence of strong wave current. The A. marina propagules were observed to grow better and faster than the R. apiculata propagules. However, the propagules of both species eventually failed to establish at the study site due to strong wave effect as well as unfavourable soil condition. A. marina and R. apiculata were found to adopt different strategies in propagule dispersal and early growth. A. marina was notably better adapted to thrive in the coastal environment. In a similar open coastal area, wave current and soil condition are suggested to be the most critical factors affecting the mangrove propagule dispersal and early establishment.

Keywords: Avicennia marina; dispersal; mangrove; propagule; Rhizophora apiculata

Abstrak

Corak penyebaran propagul dua spesies bakau yang biasa dijumpai iaitu Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. dan Rhizophora apiculata Blume di pinggir pantai bakau pada hujung barat daya Pulau Pinang telah diteliti. Kajian penyebaran propagul kedua-dua spesies ini dilakukan dengan kaedah tangkap, lepas dan tangkap semula. Sementara itu, perkembangan awal corak penyebaran diperhatikan dengan menggunakan sistem pengikatan di tapak. Propagul A. marina mencatatkan kadar penyebaran yang lebih tinggi berbanding dengan R. apiculata. Setelah 60 kitaran pasang surut, hampir semua propagul telah disebarkan dari tempat pelepasan awal di bawah pengaruh gelombang yang kuat. Propagul A. marina diperhatikan tumbuh lebih baik dan cepat daripada R. apiculata. Walau bagaimanapun, kedua-dua spesies tersebut akhirnya gagal bertapak di lokasi kajian disebabkan oleh kesan gelombang yang kuat dan juga keadaan tanah yang kurang sesuai. A. marina dan R. apiculata didapati menggunakan strategi yang berbeza untuk menyebarkan propagul dan pertumbuhan awal. A. marina beradaptasi dengan lebih baik untuk bercambah di tepi pantai. Di kawasan pantai yang terbuka, arus gelombang dan keadaan tanah disarankan menjadi faktor paling kritikal dalam mempengaruhi penyebaran propagul bakau dan percambahan awal.

Kata kunci: Avicennia marina; bakau; penyebaran; propagul; Rhizophora apiculata

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^*Corresponding author; email: foong@usm.my