Sains Malaysiana 51(8)(2022): 2559-2571

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5108-16

Kesan Pengeringan terhadap Kandungan Fenol dan Aktiviti Antioksida Daun Ketumbar Jawa (Eryngium foetidum)

(Effect of Drying on Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Javanese Coriander Leaf (Eryngium foetidum))

CHEONG KAH YEE¹, HASLANIZA HASHIM^1,2,* & NUR ATIQAH AS’ARI¹

¹Jabatan Sains Makanan, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Pusat Inovasi dan Teknologi Manisan (MANIS), Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Received: 27 September 2021/Accepted: 25 January 2022

Abstrak

Eryngium foetidum atau lebih dikenali sebagai pokok ketumbar jawa atau jemuju di Malaysia merupakan tumbuhan yang mempunyai banyak manfaat terutamanya dalam aspek perubatan dan kesihatan. Fokus utama kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan kesan kaedah pengeringan yang berbeza (matahari, ketuhar dan ketuhar gelombang mikro) dan pelarut etanol dan air dengan nisbah berbeza terhadap ciri antioksida E. foetidum. Pengeringan matahari dijalankan di bawah matahari secara langsung dengan suhu dalam julat 25 hingga 35 °C. Bagi pengeringan ketuhar, suhu 30, 50 dan 70 °C digunakan untuk mengeringkan daun E. foetidum, manakala dalam pengeringan ketuhar gelombang mikro, kuasa output 300 dan 800 W digunakan. Pengekstrakan daun E. foetidum dijalankan menggunakan nisbah pelarut etanol:air yang berbeza iaitu 100:0, 50:50 dan 0:100. Jumlah kandungan fenol (TPC) dijalankan untuk menentukan kandungan fenol dalam ekstrak E. foetidum. Dua kaedah dijalankan dalam penentuan aktiviti antioksida iaitu ujian pemerangkapan radikal bebas (DPPH) dan ujian penurunan kuasa ferik (FRAP). Hasil kajian menunjukkan pengeringan menggunakan ketuhar gelombang mikro merupakan kaedah pengeringan yang paling berkesan berbanding dengan kaedah pengeringan lain yang dikaji. Pengeringan menggunakan ketuhar gelombang mikro dan ketuhar pada suhu rendah (30 dan 50 °C) membawa perubahan warna yang kecil secara signifikan (p<0.05) terhadap daun E. foetidum. Jumlah kandungan fenol menunjukkan kedua-dua pengeringan ketuhar gelombang mikro dan pelarut etanol:air 50:50 dan 0:100 memberikan memberikan bacaan yang tertinggi secara signifikan (p<0.05). Selain itu, nilai DPPH yang signifikan (p<0.05) dapat dilihat pada semua kaedah pengeringan kecuali pengeringan ketuhar pada suhu 70 °C dan pelarut etanol:air dengan nisbah 50:50 berbanding dengan daun segar E. foetidum. Hasil kajian juga mendapati pengekstrakan menggunakan pelarut etanol:air dengan nisbah 50:50 dan pengeringan menggunakan ketuhar gelombang mikro 800 W menunjukkan aktiviti antioksida yang tinggi secara signifikan (p<0.05) terhadap ujian FRAP. Nilai korelasi yang signifikan (p<0.05) ditunjukkan antara kandungan fenol dengan aktiviti antioksida bagi ekstrak daun E. foetidum dengan pengekstrakan menggunakan nisbah pelarut berbeza, tetapi tidak signifikan (p>0.05) dengan pengekstrakan menggunakan kaedah pengeringan berbeza.

Kata kunci: Antioksidan; kaedah pengeringan; kandungan fenol; ketumbar jawa; nisbah pelarut

Abstract

Eryngium foetidum or commonly known as ketumbar jawa or jemuju tree in Malaysia which is a plant that has many benefits especially in medical and health aspects. The main focus of this study is to determine the effect of different drying methods (sun, oven, and microwave) and different ratios of solvent (ethanol and water) on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of E. foetidum. Sun drying is carried out directly under the sun with temperatures ranging from 25 to 35 °C. In oven drying, temperature of 30, 50, and 70 °C have been used to dry E. foetidum, whereas in microwave drying, 300 and 800 W output power have been used. Extraction of E. foetidum leaves were carried out using different ratio of ethanol:air which were 100: 0, 50:50 and 0: 100. Total phenolic content (TPC) have been carried out to determine phenolic content in the extract of E. foetidum. Two methods have been carried out in determination of antioxidant activity which are Radical Scavenging Assay (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). Results showed that microwave oven drying is the most effective drying method compared to other drying methods studied. Drying method using microwave and oven at low temperatures (30 and 50 °C) lead to smaller colour changes significantly (p<0.05) to E. foetidum leaves. Total phenolic content showed both drying methods of microwave with ethanol:water ratios of 50:50 and 0:100 gave significantly higher value (p<0.05). In addition, significant DPPH values (p<0.05) can be seen in all drying methods except oven drying at 70 °C and ethanol:water solvents with ratios of 50:50 compared to fresh leaves of E. foetidum. The results also found that extraction using ethanol:water ratios of 50:50 and drying with microwave at 800 W showed significant highest antioxidant activity (p<0.05) in FRAP test. Significant correlation value (p<0.05) shown between phenolic content and antioxidant activity in extraction of E. foetidum leaves using different solvent ratios, but no significant (p> 0.05) in the extraction using different drying methods.

Keywords: Antioxidants; drying method; javanese coriander; phenol content; solvent ratio

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^*Corresponding author; email: haslaniza@ukm.edu.my