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Sains Malaysiana 52(1)(2023): 71-81
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5201-06
The Potential of Several Wild Invasive Fish Species
as Fish-Based Organic Fertilizers on the Growth of Two Common Vegetables in
Malaysia
(Potensi Beberapa Spesies Ikan Invasif Liar sebagai
Baja Organik Berasaskan Ikan ke atas Pertumbuhan Dua Sayuran Umum di Malaysia)
JENNIFER
ANAK FABIAN UNGGANG, MOHD. NIZAM BAKAR & AHMAD BUKHARY AHMAD KHAIR*
School of Biological
Sciences, G08 Building, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia
Received:
28 June 2021/Accepted: 21 April 2022
Abstract
Three
common invasive fish species in Malaysia, Peacock Bass (Cichla ocellaris),
Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Algae Suckermouth Catfish (Hypostomus
plecostomus) were assessed for their efficacy as potential fish powder
fertilizers. These invasive fish species were known to disturb the stability of
lentic and lotic aquatic ecosystems in Malaysia, especially O. niloticus and H. plecostomus, altering aquatic habitats and food webs to be
unsuitable for survival of indigenous fish species, while C. ocellaris becoming active aggressive predators on indigenous fish species, overall
reducing indigenous fish species diversity. Plant primary macronutrient traces
showed that C. ocellaris fish powder fertilizer recorded the highest
Nitrogen (N) element percentage (15.81 ± 0.43 N %w/w) and trace Potassium (K)
element (28,909.15 ± 32.56 K mg/kg), while H. plecostomus fish powder
fertilizer recorded the highest trace Phosphorus (P) element (30,562.09 ±
197.11 P mg/kg). Plant secondary macronutrient traces showed that C.
ocellaris fish powder fertilizer recorded the highest trace Magnesium (Mg)
element (1496.66 ± 3.99 Mg mg/kg), while H. plecostomus fish powder
fertilizer recorded the highest trace Calcium (Ca) element (6984.48 ± 26.20 Ca
mg/kg). Two vegetable species tested for their growths, the water spinach (Ipomoea
aquatica) and the spinach (Spinacia oleracea), showed that C.
ocellaris fish powder fertilizer recorded the highest heights (263.74 ± 12.29 mm, 166.35 ± 9.46
mm), the widest leaf width (14.82 ± 0.66 mm, 21.08 ± 1.53 mm), and the widest
stalk width (3.06 ± 0.10 mm, 2.89 ± 0.17 mm), respectively, comparable to the NPK 15:15:15 compound
fertilizer, followed by H. plecostomus and O. niloticus fish
powder fertilizers. C. ocellaris as predatory invasive fish species with the highest Mg concentration and
moderate Ca concentrations, was especially suitable for the growth of both
semi-aquatic and terrestrial vegetables grown on low Mg concentration soils.
Keywords: Cichla ocellaris; Hypostomus plecostomus; Oreochromis niloticus; organic
fertilizer; vegetables
Abstrak
Tiga
spesies ikan invasif umum di Malaysia, Ikan Raja (Cichla ocellaris),
Tilapia Nil (Oreochromis niloticus) dan Ikan Bandaraya (Hypostomus
plecostomus) dinilai terhadap keberkesanannya sebagai baja serbuk ikan yang
berpotensi. Ikan invasif ini diketahui mengganggu kestabilan ekosistem akuatik
lentik dan lotik di Malaysia, lebih-lebih lagi O. niloticus dan H. plecostomus,
mengubah habitat akuatik dan siratan makanan menjadi tidak sesuai kepada
kemandirian spesies ikan asli, manakala C. ocellaris menjadi pemangsa
aktif agresif ke atas spesies ikan asli, secara keseluruhannya menurunkan
kepelbagaian spesies ikan asli. Surihan makronutrien tumbuhan primer
menunjukkan baja serbuk ikan C. ocellaris merekodkan peratusan unsur
Nitrogen (N) (15.81 ± 0.43 N %w/w) dan surihan unsur Kalium (K) (28,909.15 ±
32.56 K mg/kg) tertinggi, manakala baja serbuk ikan H. plecostomus merekodkan surihan unsur Fosforus (P) tertinggi (30,562.09 ± 197.11 P mg/kg).
Surihan makronutrien tumbuhan sekunder menunjukkan baja serbuk ikan C.
ocellaris merekodkan surihan unsur Magnesium (Mg) tertinggi (1496.66 ± 3.99
Mg mg/kg), manakala baja serbuk ikan H. plecostomus merekodkan surihan
unsur Kalsium (Ca) tertinggi (6984.48 ± 26.20 Ca mg/kg). Dua spesies sayuran
yang diuji dari segi pertumbuhan iaitu kangkung (Ipomoea aquatica) dan
bayam (Spinacia oleracea), masing-masing menunjukkan bahawa baja
serbuk ikan C. ocellaris merekodkan ketinggian tertinggi (263.74 ± 12.2 mm; 166.35 ± 9.46 mm), lebar
daun yang paling besar (14.82
± 0.66 mm; 21.08 ±
1.53 mm) dan batang yang paling tebal (3.06 ± 0.10 mm; 2.89 ± 0.17 mm), sebanding dengan baja
sebatian NPK 15:15:15, diikuti oleh baja serbuk ikan H. plecostomus dan O.
niloticus. C.
ocellaris sebagai ikan invasif pemangsa dengan kepekatan tertinggi Mg dan kepekatan Ca
sederhana, sesuai untuk pertumbuhan sayuran separa akuatik dan daratan yang
ditanam pada tanah yang rendah kepekatan Mg.
Kata kunci: Baja organik; Cichla ocellaris; Hypostomus plecostomus; Oreochromis niloticus; sayuran
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*Corresponding author; email: abukhary@usm.my
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