Sains Malaysiana 45(2)(2016): 221–228

Nitrogen Rate and Timing Implementation on Durum Wheat in a Bed Planting System

(Kadar Nitrogen dan Masa Implementasi pada Gandum Durum dalam Sistem Penanaman Batas)

Mehmet Yildirim¹, Zeki Yakut¹, Cuma Akinci*¹, Firat Kurt² &

Ferhat Kizilgeci³

¹Dicle University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Diyarbakir, Turkey

²Mus Alparslan University, Malazgirt Vocational School, Mus, Turkey

³S?rnak University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, S?rnak, Turkey

Diserahkan: 23 Februari 2015/Accepted: 23 Julai 2015

ABSTRACT

The effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization at different growth stages were investigated on durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) grain yield and yield components (with irrigated bed planting) in Diyarbakir, Turkey. N was applied at a rate of 140 kg ha–1 and distributed to one, two and three applications at various combinations with five different growth stages (i.e. sowing, seedling growth, early tillering, stem elongation and booting). This study included 13 treatments, including the control (zero nitrogen). The N application timings (NAT) of the 50% sowing + 50% early tillering and 66% sowing + 33% early tillering treatments were most suitable for durum wheat. The results showed that NAT had significant effect on flowering time, SPAD readings of the early milky ripe stage, plant density, thousand kernel weights, grain filling duration, grain filling rate, grain N content, grain yield, harvest index and grain N yield. In summary, the highest values of parameters studied were obtained from the 50% sowing + 50% first tillering and 66% sowing + 33% early tillering treatments. N fertilization application rate and time of durum wheat genotypes should consist of applying 50-60% of the total N fertilizer at sowing and 40–50% at the early tillering stage under irrigated conditions and with bed planting.

Keywords: Bed planting system; durum wheat; grain yield; nitrogen timing and rates

ABSTRAK

Penyelidikan ini mengkaji kesan pembajaan nitrogen (N) pada pelbagai peringkat pertumbuhan hasil bijirin gandum durum (Triticum durum L.) dan komponen hasil (dengan pengairan penanaman batas) di Diyarbakir, Turki. N diaplikasi pada kadar 140 kg ha–1 dan diagihkan kepada satu, dua dan tiga aplikasi pada pelbagai kombinasi dengan lima peringkat pertumbuhan berbeza (menyemai, pertumbuhan semaian, suli awal, pemanjangan batang dan bunting). Kajian itu merangkumi 13 rawatan, termasuk kawalan (sifar nitrogen). Pemasaan aplikasi N (NAT) dalam 50% penyemaian + 50% suli awal dan 66% penyemaian + 33% rawatan suli awal adalah yang paling sesuai untuk gandum durum. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa NAT mempunyai kesan ketara ke atas masa berbunga, bacaan SPAD untuk peringkat ranum bersusu awal, ketumpatan tanaman, berat seribu isirung, tempoh mengisi bijirin, kadar pengisian bijirin, kandungan bijirin N, hasil bijirin, indeks hasil tuaian dan hasil bijirin N. Kesimpulannya, nilai tertinggi bagi parameter yang dikaji telah diperoleh daripada 50% penyemaian + 50% suli pertama dan 66% penyemaian + 33% rawatan suli awal. Kadar aplikasi pembajaan N dan masa genotip gandum durum perlu menggunakan 50-60% daripada jumlah baja N sewaktu penyemaian dan 40-50% pada peringkat awal suli dalam keadaan pengairan dengan penanaman batas.

Kata kunci: Gandum durum; hasil bijirin; masa dan kadar nitrogen; sistem penanaman batas

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: akinci@dicle.edu.tr