Sains Malaysiana 47(11)(2018): 2637–2645

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4711-06

 

Genetic Diversity among Tomato Accessions based on Agro-Morphological Traits

(Kepelbagaian Genetik antara Penerimaan Tomato berdasarkan Ciri Agro Morfologi)

IZHAR HUSSAIN^1*, SHER ASLAM KHAN¹, SAJID ALI², ABID FARID¹, NAUSHAD ALI¹, SARDAR ALI¹, SHAH MASAUD¹, IJAZ HUSSAIN¹, KAMRAN AZEEM¹ & HANEEF RAZA³

 

¹Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Haripur, 22620, Pakistan

 

²Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Agriculture Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan

 

³Department of plant breeding and Genetic, University of Agriculture Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan

 

Diserahkan: 19 Disember 2017/Diterima: 28 Jun 2018

 

ABSTRACT

It is of great importance to know about the genetic diversity, conservation and classification for further utilization of tomato germplasm resources. Therefore, 40 tomato accessions were evaluated on the basic of agro-morphological traits for genetic diversity in 2014. The experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Farm, University of Haripur and farmer field in Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Principal component analysis showed that five out of 27 principal components with an eigenvalue above 1.0 were considered for 74.10% of the total variance. The major contributing traits in variations were days to flowering (DFL), days to fruiting (DFR), fruit size (FS), fruit weight plant-1 (FW), yield plot-1 (YPP), yield hectare-1 (YPH), leaf length (LL), predominant fruit shape (PDFS), fruit length (FL), fruit width (FWidth), clusters plant-1 (CPP), fruits plant-1 (FPP) and plant height (PH). The scattered plot of the PC’s revealed that the accessions were scattered in all the quarters, which is also a representative that high level of genetic variability was present. FW and FL were positively correlated with YPH. However, the remaining yield components indirectly contributed YPH. Cluster analysis divided 40 accessions into four main clusters (I, II, III and IV), each of which having 12, 11, 07 and 10 accessions. The accessions in clusters I and II were statistically similar and performed better in terms of yield and yield related traits. Grouping into different clusters was associated with their agro-morphological differences. These results could be serving as a useful resource for further characterization, preservation and breeding programs.

 

Keywords: Accessions; analysis; cluster; diversity; tomato

 

ABSTRAK

Adalah penting untuk mengetahui tentang kepelbagaian genetik, pemuliharaan dan pengelasan bagi penggunaan sumber germplasma tomato. Oleh itu, 40 penerimaan tomato telah dinilai berasaskan ciri agro morfologi bagi kepelbagaian genetik pada tahun 2014. Uji kaji ini telah dijalankan di Ladang Penyelidikan Pertanian, Universiti Haripur dan padang petani di Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Analisis komponen utama menunjukkan bahawa lima daripada 27 komponen utama dengan nilai eigen melebihi 1.0 telah diambil kira 74.10% daripada jumlah varians. Ciri utama penyumbang dalam variasi ialah hari untuk berbunga (DFL), hari untuk berbuah (DFR), saiz buah (FS), berat pokok buah-buahan-1 (FW) hasil plot-1 (YPP), hasil hektar-1 (YPH), panjang daun (LL), bentuk utama buah-buahan (PDF), panjang buah (FL), lebar buah (FWidth), kelompok tanaman-1 (CPP), buah tanaman-1 (FPP) dan ketinggian tanaman (PH). Plot PC yang berselerak menunjukkan penerimaan adalah berselerak di dalam semua bahagian yang mewakili kepelbagaian genetik tahap tinggi telah berlaku. FW dan FL berkorelasi secara positif dengan YPH. Walau bagaimanapun, komponen hasil baki secara tidak langsung menyumbang kepada YPH. Analisis kelompok membahagikan 40 penerimaan kepada empat kelompok utama (I, II, III dan IV) dengan setiap daripadanya mempunyai 12, 11, 07 dan 10 penerimaan. Penerimaan untuk kelompok I dan II adalah sama secara statistik dan menunjukkan hasil yang lebih baik dari sudut penghasilan dan ciri berdasarkan penghasilan. Pengelompokan kepada kelompok yang berlainan dikaitkan dengan perbezaan agro morfologi mereka. Keputusan kajian ini sangat membantu sebagai satu sumber yang berguna untuk kesinambungan pencirian, pemeliharaan dan program pembiakbakaan.

 

Kata kunci: Analisis; kluster; kepelbagaian; penerimaan; tomato

 

RUJUKAN

Basavaraj, N. & Dhotre, M. 2012. Correlation and path co-efficient studies in tomato. Asian J. Hortic. 7(2): 379-384.

Bernousi, I., Emami, A., Tajbakhsh, M., Darvishzadeh, R. & Henareh, M. 2011. Studies on genetic variability and correlation among the different traits in Solanum lycopersicum L. Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj. 39(1): 152-158.

Bhattarai, K., Louws, F.J., Williamson, J.D. & Panthee, D.R. 2016. Diversity analysis of tomato genotypes based on morphological traits with commercial breeding significance for fresh market production in eastern USA. Austr. J. Crop Sci. 10(8): 1098-1103.

Cebolla-Cornejo, J., Rosello, S. & Nuez, F. 2013. Phenotypic and genetic diversity of Spanish tomato landraces. Scientia Hortic. 162: 150-164.

Chernet, S., Belew, D. & Abay, F. 2014. Genetic diversity studies for quantitative traits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) genotypes in Western Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 6(9): 105-113.

Crossa, J. & Franco, D.J. 2004. Statistical methods for classifying genotypes. Euphytica 137: 19-37.

De-Souza, L.M., Melo, P.C.T., Luders, R.R. & Melo, A.M. 2012. Correlations between yield and fruit quality characteristics of fresh market tomatoes. Hortic. Bras. 30(4): 627-631.

Dhankhar, S.K. & Dhankhar, B.S. 2006. Variability, heritability, correlation and path-coefficient studies in tomato. Haryana J. Hortic. Sci. 35(1/2): 179.

FAOSTAT. 2015. Statistical Databases. Food and Agriculture Organization. Accessed by 10 April 2017 at http://faostat3. fao.org/home/E.

Flint-Garcia, S.A., Thuillet, A.C., Yu, J.M., Pressoir, G., Romero, S.M., Mitchell, S.E., Doebley, J., Kresovich, S., Goodman, M.M. & Buckler, E.S. 2005. Maize association population: A high-resolution platform for quantitative trait locus dissection. Plant J. 44(6): 1054-1064.

Hanson, P., Chen, J.T., Kuo, C.G., Morris, R. & Opena, R.T. 2000. Suggested cultural practices for tomato. Int. Coop. Guide AVRDC #00-508. pp. 1-8.

Harer, P.N., Lad, D.B. & Bhor, T.J. 2002. Correlation and path analysis studies in tomato. J. Maharashtra Agric. Uni. 27(3): 302-303.

Haydar, A., Mandal, M.A., Ahmed, M.B., Hannan, M.M., Karim, R., Razvy, M.A., Roy, U.K. & Salahin, M. 2007. Studies on genetic variability and interrelationship among the different traits in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Middle-East J. Sci. Res. 2(3-4): 139-142.

Henareh, M., Dursun, A. & Mandoulakani, B.A. 2015. Genetic diversity in tomato landraces collected from Turkey and Iran revealed by morphological characters. Acta. Sci. Polonorum- Hortorum Cultus 14: 87-96.

Hu, X.R., Wang, H., Chen, J. & Yang, W.C. 2012. Genetic diversity of Argentina tomato varieties revealed by morphological traits, simple sequence repeat, and single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Pak. J. Bot. 44: 485-492.

Huang, X.H., Zhao, Y., Wei, X.H., Li, C.Y., Wang, A., Zhao, Q., Li, W.J., Guo, Y.L., Deng, L.W., Zhu, C.R., Fan, D.L., Lu, Y.Q., Weng, Q.J., Liu, K.Y., Zhou, T.Y., Jing, Y.F., Si, L.Z., Dong, G.J., Huang, T., Lu, T.T., Feng, Q., Qian, Q., Li, J.Y. & Han, B. 2012. Genome-wide association study of flowering time and grain yield traits in a worldwide collection of rice germplasm. Nat. Genet. 44(1): 32-53.

Huang, X., Wei, X., Sang, T., Zhao, Q., Feng, Q., Zhao, Y., Li, C., Zhu, C., Lu, T., Zhang, Z., Li, M., Fan, D., Guo, Y., Wang, A., Wang, L., Deng, L., Li, W., Lu, Y., Weng, Q., Liu, K., Huang, T., Zhou, T., Jing, Y., Li, W., Lin, Z., Buckler, E.S., Qian, Q., Zhang, Q.F., Li, J. & Han, B. 2010. Genome-wide association studies of 14 agronomic traits in rice landraces. Nat. Genet. 42(11): 961-976.

Iqbal, Q., Saleem, M.Y., Hameed, A. & Asghar, M. 2014. Assessment of genetic divergence in tomato through agglomerative hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis. Pak. J. Bot. 46(5): 1865-1870.

Islam, B.M.R., Ivy, N.A., Rasul, M.G. & Zakaria, M. 2010. Character association and path analysis of exotic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes. Bangl. J. Plant Breed. Genet. 23(1): 13-18.

Jackson, J. 1991. A User’s Guide to Principal Components. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Khadivi-Khub, A., Zamani, Z. & Bouzari, N. 2008. Evaluation of genetic diversity in some Iranian and foreign sweet cherry cultivars by using RAPD molecular markers and morphological traits. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 49: 188- 196.

Kumar, R., Mishra, N.K., Singh, J., Rai, G.K., Verma, A. & Rai, M. 2006. Studies on yield and quality traits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicon Mill.). Veg. Sci. 33(2): 126-132.

Mazzucato, A., Papa, R., Bitocchi, E., Mosconi, P., Nanni, L., Negri, V., Picarella, M.E., Siligato, F., Soressi, G.P., Tiranti, B. & Veronesi, F. 2008. Genetic diversity, structure and markertrait association in a collection of Italian tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) landraces. Theor. Appl. Genet. 116: 657-669.

MNFSR. 2014-2015. Fruits, Vegetables and Condiments Statistics of Pakistan. Government of Pakistan, Ministry of National Food Security and Research. p. 69.

Mohammadi, S.A. & Prasanna, B.M. 2003. Analysis of genetic diversity in crop plants - salient statistical tools and considerations. Crop Sci. 43: 1235-1248.

Mohanty, B.K. 2002a. Studies on variability, heritability, interrelationship and path analysis in tomato. Anl. Agric. Res. 2(1): 65-69.

Mohanty, B.K. 2002b. Genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient studies in tomato. Ind. J. Agric. Res, 37(1): 68-71.

Nikoumanesh, K., Ebadi, A., Zeinalabedini, M. & Gogorcena, Y. 2011. Morphological and molecular variability in some Iranian almond genotypes and related Prunus species and their potentials for rootstock breeding. Sci. Hortic. 129: 108-118.

Nwosu, D.J., Onakoya, O.A., Okere, A.U., Babatunde, A.O. & Popoola, A.F. 2014. Genetic variability and correlations in rainfed tomato (Solanum spp.) accessions in Ibadan, Nigeria. Greener J. Agric. Sci. 4(5): 211-219.

Prasad, V.S.R.K. & Rai, M. 1999. Genetic variation, component association and direct and indirect selections in some exotic tomato accessions. Ind. J. Hortic. 56(3): 262-266.

Rashid, M., Cheema, A.A. & Ashraf, M. 2008. Numerical analysis of variation among basmati rice mutants. Pak. J. Bot. 40(6): 2413-2417.

Reddy, B.R., Reddy, M.P., Begum, H. & Sunil, N. 2013. Genetic diversity studies in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). IOSR J. Agric. Veterinary Sci. 4(4): 53-55.

Reif, J.C., Melchinger, A.E. & Frisch, M. 2005. Genetical and mathematical properties of similarity and dissimilarity coefficients applied in plant breeding and seed bank management. Crop Sci. 45: 1-7.

Singh, A.K. 2009. Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance studies in tomato under cold arid region of Ladakh. Ind. J. Hortic. 66(3): 400-403.

Singh, A.K. 2007. Correlation and path coefficient studies in tomato under cold arid conditions of Ladakh. Haryana J. Hortic. Sci. 36(3/4): 346-347.

Sneath, P.H. & Sokal, R.R. 1973. Numerical Taxonomy: The Principles and Practice of Numerical Classification. San Francisco, USA: W.F. Freeman & Co.

Steel, R.G.D. & Torrie, J.H. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Sudre, C.P., Leonardecz, E., Rodrigues, R., Junior, A.T.D.A., Moura, M.D.C.L. & Gonçalves, L.S.A. 2007. Genetic resources of vegetable crops: A survey in the Brazilian germplasm collections pictured through papers published in the journals of the Brazilian Society for Horticultural Science. Hortic. Bras. 25: 496-503.

Terzopoulos, P.J. & Bebeli, P.J. 2008. DNA and morphological diversity of selected Greek tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) landraces. Sci. Hortic. 116: 354-361.

Thornsberry, J.M., Goodman, M.M., Doebley, J., Kresovich, S., Nielsen, D. & Buckler, E.S. 2001. Dwarf8 polymorphisms associate with variation in flowering time. Nat. Genet. 28(3): 286-289.

Yi, S-S., Jatoi, S.A., Fujimura, T., Yamanaka, S., Watanabe, J. & Watanabe, K.N. 2008. Potential loss of unique genetic diversity in tomato landraces by genetic colonization of modern cultivars at a non-center of origin. Plant Breed. 127: 189-196.

Zhou, R., Wu, Z., Cao, X. & Jiang, F.L. 2015. Genetic diversity of cultivated and wild tomatoes revealed by morphological traits and SSR markers. Genet. Mol. Res. 14: 13868-13879.

 

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: izharhussain29@gmail.com