 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana 51(3)(2022): 679-693
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5103-04
Suatu Ulasan Kritis Kajian Keperluan Pemfluoridaan Air di dalam Proses Rawatan Air
(A Critical Review on the Research of
Water Fluoridation Necessity in a Water Treatment Process)
ROSIAH ROHANI1,2,*,
SITI AISHAH BASIRON1,3,
THINISHAA DHANA GOPAL1,
NURUL SURAYA ROSLI1,
NADIAH KHAIRUL ZAMAN1,
IZZATI IZNI YUSOFF1 & HARLINA ALI HANAFIAH4
1Jabatan Kejuruteraan Kimia dan Proses, Fakulti Kejuruteraan dan Alam Bina, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 4 Mei 2021/Diterima: 7 Ogos 2021
Abstrak
Pemfluoridaan air merupakan proses penambahan bahan fluorida di dalam sumber air terawat sehingga tahap fluorida di dalam air tersebut mencapai tahap yang disarankan oleh pihak berkuasa dan seterusnya memberi manfaat kepada pengguna untuk kebaikan gigi dan tulang. Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (KKM) telah mengesyorkan julat nilai kepekatan dos fluorida dalam sistem air di Malaysia adalah dalam lingkungan nilai 0.4 mg/L hingga 0.6 mg/L.
Ion fluorida bukanlah suatu keperluan bagi pertumbuhan manusia tetapi dianggap penting untuk mengelakkan kerosakan gigi dan tulang, terutamanya kepada kanak-kanak. Kajian kritis yang telah dijalankan ini memfokuskan kepada keperluan pemfluoridaan air terawat di dalam proses rawatan air. Berdasarkan kajian ini, kandungan unsur fluorida dalam air mentah mempengaruhi proses pemfluoridaan air memandangkan kandungan unsur tersebut di dalam air minuman tidak boleh melebihi had yang ditetapkan oleh pihak berkuasa. Terdapat beberapa jenis bahan berfluorida yang biasa digunakan bagi pemfluoridaan air, antaranya natrium fluorida,
natrium silikofluorida dan asid fluorosilisik. Penambahan bahan berfluorida ini ke dalam air hendaklah mematuhi dos
yang tepat bagi memberi manfaat kepada pengguna dan seterusnya mengelakkan penyakit berkaitan fluorida. Kesimpulannya, pengawasan yang berterusan terhadap kepekatan fluorida pada pelbagai peringkat sama ada dalam peringkat pengumpulan air mentah, rawatan air dan pengagihan air terawat adalah penting bagi memastikan air dengan kandungan fluorida yang optimum dapat dibekalkan kepada pengguna.
Kata kunci: Ion fluorida; kerosakan gigi; nilai piawai; pemfluoridaan; rawatan air
Abstract
Water fluoridation is a process of adding fluoride
into treated water source until the level of fluoride in the water reaches the
level recommended by the authorities and in turn benefitting the consumers for
good dental and bones. The Ministry of Health Malaysia (KKM) has set a range
for fluoride dosage concentration in water systems in Malaysia which are around
0.4 mg/L to 0.6 mg/L. Fluoride ion is not essential for human growth, but it is
more beneficial in prevention of dental and bone caries, especially for
children. This critical study has been conducted to focus on the necessity of
fluoridation of treated water in the water treatment process. Based on this
study, the concentration of fluoride in raw water affects the water
fluoridation process as the concentration of this element in the drinking water
should not exceed the limits set by the authorities. There are several types of
fluoridating agent that are commonly used for water fluoridation, including
sodium fluoride, sodium silicofluoride and fluorosilicic acid. The addition of the fluoridating agent
into the water must comply with the accurate dosage to benefit the consumer,
thus preventing fluoride-related diseases. In conclusion, continuous monitoring
of fluoride concentration at various levels such as in raw water collection,
water treatment and treated water distribution is important to ensure that
water with optimal fluoride concentration can be supplied to consumers.
Keywords: Dental caries; fluoridation; fluoride
ion; standard value; water treatment
RUJUKAN
Ackermann-Liebrich, U., Autrup, H., Bard,
D., Calow, P., Dekant, W.,
Gard, A. & Linders, J. 2011. Critical review
of any new evidence on the hazard profile, health effects, and human exposure
to fluoride and the fluoridating agents of drinking water. European Commission.
Adams, E.A., Boateng, G.O. & Amoyaw, J.A. 2016. Socioeconomic and demographic predictors of
potable water and sanitation access in Ghana. Social
Indicators Research 126(2): 673-687.
Aini, M.S., Fakhrul-Razi, A., Mumtazah, O. & Meow Chen, J.C. 2007. Malaysian households' drinking water
practices: A case study. International
Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 14(5): 503-510.
Angreni,
E. 2010. Review on optimization of conventional drinking water treatment plant. World Applied
Science Journal 7(9): 304-310.
Association of State and
Territorial Dental Directors. 2016. Natural
Fluoride in Drinking Water. https://www.astdd.org/docs/natural-fluoride-fact-sheet-9-14-2016.pdf.
Aoun,
A., Darwiche, F., Al Hayek, S. & Doumit, J. 2018.
The fluoride
debate: The pros and cons of fluoridation. Prev. Nutr. Food
Sci. 23(3): 171-180.
Azrina Azlan, Hock EngKhoo, Mohd Aizat Idris, Amin Ismail
& Muhammad Rizal Razman. 2012. Evaluation of minerals content of drinking
water in Malaysia. The Scientific World Journal 2012: 403574.
Bassin, E.B., Wypij, D., Davis, R.B. & Mittleman, M.A. 2006. Age-specific fluoride exposure in
drinking water and osteosarcoma (United States). Cancer Causes and Control 17(4): 421-428.
Boretti, A. & Rosa, L. 2019. Reassessing the
projections of the World Water Development Report. npj Clean Water 2(1): 15.
Centre for Disease Control
and Prevention. 2020. Water Fluoridation
Additives.https://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/engineering/wfadditives.htm. Accessed on 26 March 2021.
Copeland,
A. 2016. Water Fluoridation
Principles and Practices. 6th ed. Denver: American Water Works Association.
Database.,
Chemical Book. 2017. Sodium Fluorosilicate.
Department of Health and
Human Services, U.S. 2015. Public health service recommendation for fluoride
concentration in drinking water for the prevention of dental caries, Atlanta.
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
EAWAG,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology. 2008. Drinking
water: The need for constant innovation. Science
Daily.https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080912091736.htm.
Ehsani, J.P. & Bailie, R. 2007.
Feasibility and costs of water fluoridation in remote Australian Aboriginal
communities. BMC Public Health 7(1):
100.
Faizah Abdul Karim, Zamros Yuzadi Mohd Yusof & Nor Azlida Mohd Nor. 2020. Water fluoridation and oral health in Malaysia: A review of
literature. Journal of Health and Translational Medicine 23(2): 77-91.
Faradiella Mohd Kusin, Mohd Syakirin Md Zahar, Siti Nurjaliah Muhammad,
Nur Diyana Mohamad, Zafira Md Zin & Sharifah Mohd Sharif. 2016. Hybrid
off-river augmentation system as an alternative raw water resource: the hydrogeochemistry of abandoned mining ponds. Environmental Earth Sciences 75(3): 230.
Faridah Othman, Md Sadek Uddin Chowdhury, Wan Jaafar, W.Z., E.M. Mohammad Faresh & Shariff Moniruzzaman Shirazi. 2018. Assessing risk and sources of heavy metals in a tropical river
basin: A case study of the Selangor River, Malaysia. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 27(4): 1659-1671.
Fawell, J., Bailey, K., Chilton,
J., Dahi, E., Fewtrell, L.
& Magara, Y. 2006. Fluoride in
Drinking Water. London: IWA Publishing.
Fordyce, F.M. 2019.
Fluorine: Human Health Risks. In Encyclopedia
of Environmental Health. Edinburgh: Elsevier.
Freeze, R.A. & Lehr,
J.H. 2008. The Fluoride Wars: How a
Modest Public Health Measure Became America’s Longest-Running Political
Melodrama. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gotam Das, Vineet Tirth, Suraj Arora, Ali Algahtani, Mohammed Kafeel, Ayed Hassan G Alqarni, Priyanka Saluja, Hitesh Vij, Shashit Shetty Bavabeedu & Amit Tirth. 2020. Effect of fluoride concentration in
drinking water on dental fluorosis in Southwest Saudi
Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(11): 3914.
Hock-Eng Khoo, Azrina Azlan, Mohd Aizat Idris & Muhammad Rizal Razman. 2011. Evaluation of selected metal elements in
commercial drinking water and tap water in Peninsular
Malaysia. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan
Malaysia 9(1): 5-11.
Huang
Yuk Feng, Ang Shin Ying, Lee Khia Min & Lee Teang Shui. 2015. Quality of Water Resources in Malaysia,
In Research and Practices in Water
Quality. London: IntechOpen. DOI. 10.5772/58969.
International River Foundation. 2021.
Integrated river basin management.https://riverfoundation.org.au/our-programs/integrated-river-basin-management/. Accessed 19 December 2020.
James,
S.L. 2018. 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 Countries and Territories,
1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. The
Lancet 392(10159): 1789-1858.
Jones, T., Newborne, P. & Phillips, B. 2006. Applying the
principles of integrated water resource and river basin management: An introduction.
A Report to WWF-UK. Living Planet Report.
Katsanou,
K. & Karapanagioti, H.K. 2019. Surface water and
groundwater sources for drinking water. In Applications of Advanced Oxidation
Processes (AOPs) in Drinking Water Treatment, edited by Gil, A., Galeano, L.A. & Vicente, M.Á. Cham: Springer
International Publishing. pp. 1-19.
Kohn, W., Presson, S. & Mass, W.
2001. Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries
in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep 50(Rr-14): 1-42.
Kuthy,
R.A., Naleway, C. & Durkee,
J. 1985. Factors associated with maintenance of proper water fluoride levels. J.
Am. Dent. Assoc. 110(4): 511-513.
Lamberg, M., Hausen, H. & Vartiainen, T. 1997. Symptoms experienced during periods of
actual and supposed water fluoridation. Community
Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 25(4): 291-295.
Lauer, B. & Rubel, F.
2004. Water Fluoridation Principles and
Practices. 5th ed. Denver: American Water Works Association.
Lepo, J.E. & Snyder, R.A. 2000. Impact of Fluoridation of the
Municipal Drinking Water Supply: Review of the Literature, Florida: The Center
for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation. University of West Florida.
Maier,
F.J. 1952. Engineering problems in water fluoridation. American Journal of Public
Health and the Nations Health 42(3): 249-254.
Main, D. 2015. Facts about
fluoridation. Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/37123-fluoridation.html.
Malago, J., Makoba, E. & Muzuka, A.N.N. 2017. Fluoride levels in surface and
groundwater in Africa: A review. American
Journal of Water Science and Engineering 3(1): 1-17.
Maswati S. Simelane, Mduduzi Shongwe, Colani, Kerry Vermaak & Eugene Zwane. 2020. Determinants of
households’ access to improved drinking water sources: A secondary analysis of Eswatini 2010 and 2014 multiple indicator cluster surveys. Advances in Public Health 2020: Article
ID. 6758513.
Ministry
of Health Malaysia. 2004. National
Standard for Drinking Water Quality. Accessed December 2000.
Mohammadi, A.A., Yousefi, M., Yaseri,
M., Jalilzadeh, M. & Mahvi,
A.H. 2017. Skeletal fluorosis in relation to drinking water in rural areas of
West Azerbaijan, Iran. Scientific Reports 7(17300): 1-7.
Mohd Firdaus Abdullah & Arba’iyah Mohd Noor. 2018. Isu bekalan air domestik: Antara kejayaan dan kekalahan pada PRU14 di Negeri Kedah. Jurnal Peradaban 11:
115-150.
Mohd Nor, N.A., Chadwick, B.L., Farnell, D.J.J. & Chestnutt, I.G. 2018. The impact of a reduction in fluoride
concentration in the Malaysian water supply on the prevalence of fluorosis and
dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 46(5): 492-499.
Moore, D., Poynton, M.,
Broadbent, J.M. & Thomson, W.M. 2017. The costs and benefits of water
fluoridation in NZ. BMC Oral Health 17(1): 134.
Mullenix, P.J. 2014. A new perspective on metals and other contaminants in
fluoridation chemicals. International
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 20(2): 157-166.
O'Melia,
C.R. 1998. Coagulation and sedimentation in lakes, reservoirs and water
treatment plants. Water Science and
Technology 37(2): 129-135.
Obeta, M.C. & Nwankwo, C.F. 2015. Factors responsible for rural
residential water supply shortage in southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Geography 8(3-4): 21-32.
Ong, C., Ibrahim, S. &
Sen Gupta, B. 2007. A survey of tap water quality in Kuala Lumpur. Urban Water Journal 4(1): 29-41.
Oral Health Division
Ministry of Health. 2006. Implementation
of Water Fluoridation Programme.
Peckham,
S. & Awofeso, N. 2014. Water fluoridation: A
critical review of the physiological effects of ingested fluoride as a public
health intervention. The Scientific World Journal 2014:
293019.
Penyata Rasmi Parlimen Dewan Rakyat. 2000. Parlimen Kesepuluh Penggal Kedua Mesyuarat Pertama. Cawangan Dokumentasi Parlimen Malaysia (Bil. 32).
Piesse, M. 2020. Global water
supply and demand trends point towards rising water insecurity. Future Directions International (February): 1-8.
Preedy, V.R. 2015. Fluorine: Chemistry, analysis, function and effects. Dlm Food and Nutritional Components. Edisi ke-6, disunting oleh Preedy. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
Rawat, N. & Patel, V.K.
2018. Fluoride remediation from drinking water. In Water Remediation.
Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, edited by Bhattacharya, S., Gupta,
A., Gupta, A. & Pandey, A. Springer, Singapore.
Rosiah Rohani, Izzati Izni Yusoff, Nadiah Khairul Zaman, Arshid Mahmood Ali, Nadiatul Atalia Balqis Rusli, Rida Tajau & Siti Aishah Basiron. 2021. Ammonia removal from raw water by using
adsorptive membrane filtration process. Separation
and Purification Technology 270: 118757.
Sahu, O. & Chaudhari, P. 2013. Review on chemical treatment of
industrial waste water. Journal of
Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 17(2): 241-257.
Schulz, C.R. & Okun,
D.A. 1983. Treating surface waters for communities in developing countries. Journal
AWWA 75(5): 212-219.
Shaharuddin,
M.S., Kamil, Y.M. & Ismail, Y.M. 2009. Fluoride concentration in Malaysian
drinking water. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental
Science 6(4): 417-420.
Sh, P., Raghu, R., Shetty,
A., Gautham, P., Reddy, S. & Srinivasan, R. 2013. Effect of organic versus
inorganic fluoride on enamel microhardness: An in vitro study. J. Conserv. Dent. 16(3): 203-207.
Solvay America Inc. 2005. Product Safety Summary: Sodium fluoride. https://www.solvay.com/sites/g/files/srpend221/files/2021-01/PSS-Sodium-Bifluoride.pdf.
Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN). 2018. Laporan Tahunan 2018.
Tan, B.S., Razak, I.A. & Foo, L.C. 2005. Fluorosis prevalence
among schoolchildren in a fluoridated community in Malaysia. Community Dent. Health 22(1): 35-39.
Ullah, R. & Zafar, M.S.
2015. Oral and dental delivery of fluoride: A review. Fluoride 48(3): 195-204.
United Nation. 2019. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Accessed
25 April 2021.
World
Health Organization. 2011. Water Quality
for Drinking: WHO Guidelines.
World
Health Organization. 1994. Fluorides and
Oral Health. vol. 13 SUPPL.
Geneva.
Yousefi, M., Yaseri,
M., Nabizadeh, R., Hooshmand,
E., Jalilzadeh, M., Mahvi,
A.H. & Mohammadi, A.A. 2018. Association of hypertension,
body mass index, and waist circumference with fluoride intake; water drinking in residents of fluoride endemic
areas, Iran. Biological
Trace Elements Research 185: 282-288.
Zafira Madzin,
Mohammad Fitri Shai-in & Faradiella Mohd Kusin. 2015. Comparing
heavy metal mobility in active and abandoned mining sites in Bestari Jaya. Procedia
Environmental Science 30: 232-237.
Zaina Hussein Mseli, Goeller, D., Scharenberg, M., Mwegoha, W.J.S., Gianotti, R., Bongiorno, D.
& Sawyer, A.H. 2019. Physical factors limiting access to clean groundwater
in Tanzania villages. Journal of Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9(3): 531-539.
*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: rosiah@ukm.edu.my
|
|||
|
