Sains Malaysiana 45(11)(2016): 1669–1673

 

Influence of Hydrochloric Acid Volume on the Growth of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)

Nanostructures by Hydrothermal Method

(Pengaruh Isi Padu Asid Hidroklorik ke atas Perkembangan Nanostruktur Titanium Dioksida (TiO2) melalui Kaedah Hidroterma)

NOOR KAMALIA ABD HAMED*, NOOR SAKINAH KHALID, FATIN IZYANI MOHD FAZLI, MUHAMMAD LUQMAN MOHD NAPI, NAFARIZAL NAYAN & MOHD KHAIRUL AHMAD

 

Microelectronics and Nanotechnology-Shamsuddin, Research Center (MiNT-SRC)

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat

Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia

 

Received: 20 April 2015/Accepted: 27 November 2015

 

ABSTRACT

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) with various morphologies has been successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method at 150^oC for 10 h using titanium butoxide (TBOT) as a precursor, deionized (DI) water and hydrochloric acid (HCl) on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate. The influences of HCl volume on structural and morphological properties of TiO₂ have been studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), respectively. The result showed that several morphologies such as microsphere, microrods, nanorods and nanoflowers were obtained by varying the volume of hydrochloric acid. The crystallinity of titanium dioxide enhanced with the increasing of hydrochloric acid volume.

 

Keywords: Acid hydrochloric (HCl); field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM); titanium dioxide (TiO₂); x-ray diffraction (XRD)

 

ABSTRAK

Titanium dioksida (TIO₂) dengan pelbagai morfologi telah berjaya disintesis melalui kaedah hidroterma pada 150^oC selama 10 jam dengan menggunakan titanium butoksida sebagai perintis, air ternyahion (DI) dan asid hidroklorik (HCl) pada substrat fluorin-terdop timah oksida (FTO). Pengaruh isi padu HCl pada sifat struktur dan morfologi TiO₂ telah dikaji menggunakan pembelauan sinar-X (XRD) dan medan pelepasan mikroskop elektron pengimbas (FESEM). Hasil kajian menunjukkan beberapa morfologi seperti mikrosfera, mikrorod, nanorod dan bunga nano diperoleh dengan mengubah isi padu asid hidroklorik. Penghabluran daripada titanium dioksida dipertingkatkan dengan meningkatkan jumlah asid hidroklorik.

 

Kata kunci: Asid hidroklorik (HCl); medan pelepasan mikroskop elektron pengimbas (FESEM); pembelauan sinar-x (XRD); titanium dioksida (TiO₂)

REFERENCES

Ahmad, M.K., Halid, M.L.M., Rasheid, N.A., Ahmed, A.Z., Abdullah, S. & Rusop, M. 2010. Effect of annealing temperatures on surface morphology and electrical properties of titanium dioxide thin films prepared by sol-gel method. Journal of Sustainable Energy & Environment 1: 17-20.

Biju, K.P. & Jain, M.K. 2008. Effect of crystallization on humidity sensing properties of sol-gel derived nanocrystalline TiO₂ thin films. Thin Solid Films 516(8): 2175-2180.

Diebold, U. 2003. Structure and properties of TiO₂ surfaces: a brief review. Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 76(5): 681-687.

Domaradzki, J. 2006. Structural, optical and electrical properties of transparent V and Pd-doped TiO2 thin films prepared by sputtering. Thin Solid Films 497(1-2): 243-248.

Guo, W., Xu, C., Wang, X., Wang, S., Pan, C., Lin, C. & Wang, Z.L. 2012. Rectangular bunched rutile TiO₂ nanorod arrays grown on carbon 2 fiber for dye-sensitized solar cells. Journal of the American Mechanical Society 134(9): 4437-4441.

Sarkar, D., Ghosh, C.K. & Chattopadhyay, K.K. 2012. Morphology control of rutile TiO₂ hierarchical architectures and their excellent field emission properties. CrystEngComm 14: 2683-2690.

Shinde, P.S., Sadale, S.B., Patil, P.S., Bhosale, P.N., Brüger, A., Neumann-Spallart, M. & Bhosale, C.H. 2008. Properties of spray deposited titanium dioxide thin films and their application in photoelectrocatalysis. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 92(3): 283-290.

Testino, A., Bellobono, I.R., Buscaqlia, V., Canevali, C., D’Arienzo, M., Polizzi, S., Scotti, R. & Morazzoni, F. 2007. Optimizing the photocatalytic properties of hydrothermal TiO2 by the control of phase composition and particle morphology. A Systematic Approach 129(12): 3564-3575.

Ye, M., Liu, H.Y., Lin, C. & Lin, Z. 2013. Hierarchical rutile TiO2 flower cluster-based high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells via direct hydrothermal growth on conducting substrates. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 9(2): 312-321.

Zhou, W., Liu, X., Cui, J., Liu, D., Li, J., Jiang, H., Wang, J. & Liu, H. 2011. Control synthesis of rutile TiO₂ microspheres, nanoflowers, nanotrees and nanobelts via acid-hydrothermal method and their optical properties. CrystEngComm 13(14): 4557-4563.

 

*Corresponding author; email: mel_leya@yahoo.com