Sains Malaysiana 48(5)(2019): 1025–1033

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4805-11

 

Immobilization of Choline Chloride: Urea onto Mesoporous Silica for Carbon Dioxide Capture

(Pemegunan Kolina Klorida: Urea ke atas Silika Mesoliang untuk Penangkapan Karbon Dioksida)

 

ZAITUN GHAZALI^1,2, NUR HASYAREEDA HASSAN^1,2, MOHD AMBAR YARMO^1,3, TEH LEE PENG^1,3 & RIZAFIZAH OTHAMAN^1,2*

 

¹School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

²Polymer Research Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

³Catalyst Research Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

Received: 7 February 2019/Accepted: 28 March 2019

 

ABSTRACT

A green composite adsorbent based on mesoporous silica-gel (SG) and deep eutectic solvent (DES) mixture of choline chloride-urea (ChCl:U) was synthesized as an alternative for carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption. The composite adsorbent was prepared by wet impregnation technique with various ChCl:U (mole ratio 1:2) content in SG at 5-15% (w/w). Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (ATR-FTIR) results showed successful impregnation of ChCl:U into SG with the presence of C=O carbonyl amide group stretching, N-H scissoring bending, CH2 bending and C-N stretching peaks. Thermal degradation of the adsorbent started with urea at 130°C followed by ChCl at 300°C. Meanwhile, nitrogen physisorption demonstrated a decrease in specific surface areas of the sorbents with increasing ChCl:U weight percentage due to the blockage of micropores by ChCl:U. The optimum CO2 adsorption capacity of 22.3 mg/g was achieved by 10% ChCl:U/SG200, which was higher than the immobilised SG200, hence making it relevant to become a green and economical adsorbent for CO2 capture.

 

Keywords: Adsorption; carbon capture; choline chloride; deep eutectic solvent; silica gel; urea

 

ABSTRAK

Penjerap komposit hijau berasaskan gel silika mesoliang (SG) dan pelarut eutektik dalam (DES) kolona klorida-urea (ChCl:U) disintesis untuk penjerapan karbon dioksida (CO2). Penjerap komposit telah disediakan dengan teknik penjejalan basah dengan muatan 5-15% (b/b) ChCl:U (nisbah mol 1:2). Spektrum inframerah transformasi Fourier-pantulan penuh kecil (ATR-FTIR) membuktikan bahawa ChCl:U telah berjaya dijejalkan ke atas SG dengan kehadiran puncak regangan kumpulan karbonil amida C=O , bengkokan N-H , bengkokan CH2 dan regangan C-N. Suhu degradasi penjerap bermula dengan urea pada 130°C diikuti oleh ChCl pada 300°C. Analisis penjerapan fizikal nitrogen menunjukkan penurunan luas permukaan dengan peningkatan peratus berat ChCl:U disebabkan mikroliang yang dilitupi oleh ChCl:U. Kapasiti penjerapan CO2 yang optimum (22.3 mg/g) tercapai dengan menggunakan 10% ChCl:U/SG200 dengan kapasiti penjerapannya lebih tinggi berbanding SG200 tanpa pemegunan,. Ini menjadikannya penjerap hijau yang ekonomi untuk penangkapan CO2.

 

Kata kunci: Gel silika; kolina klorida; pelarut eutektik dalam; penangkapan karbon; penjerapan; urea

REFERENCES

Abu Tahari, M.N., Hakim, A., Wan Isahak, W.N.R., Samad, W.Z. & Yarmo, M.A. 2015. Adsorption of CO2 on Octadecylamine- Impregnated on SiO2: Physical and chemical interaction studies. Advanced Materials Research 1087: 137-141.

Balsamo, M., Erto, A., Lancia, A., Totarella, G., Montagnaro, F. & Turco, R. 2018. Post-combustion CO2 capture: On the potentiality of amino acid ionic liquid as modifying agent of mesoporous solids. Fuel 218(April 2017): 155-161.

Creamer, A.E. & Gao, B. 2015. Carbon Dioxide Capture: An Affective Way to Combat Global Warming. New York: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Dai, Y., Van Spronsen, J., Witkamp, G., Verpoorte, R. & Choi, Y.H. 2013. Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents in natural products research: Mixtures of solids as extraction solvents. Journal of Natural Product 76: 2162-2173.

Erto, A., Silvestre-albero, A., Silvestre-albero, J., Rodríguez-reinoso, F., Balsamo, M., Lancia, A. & Montagnaro, F. 2015. Carbon-supported ionic liquids as innovative adsorbents for CO2 separation from synthetic flue-gas. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 448: 41-50.

Gray, M.L., Champagne, K.J., Fauth, D., Baltrus, J.P. & Pennline, H. 2012. Performance of immobilized tertiary amine solid sorbents for the capture of carbon dioxide. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 2(2008): 3-8.

Guo, X., Ding, L., Kanamori, K., Nakanishi, K. & Yang, H. 2017. Functionalization of hierarchically porous silica monoliths with polyethyleneimine (PEI) for CO2 adsorption. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 245: 51-57.

Hayyan, M., Abo-Hamad, A., AlSaadi, M.A. & Hashim, M.A. 2015. Functionalization of graphene using deep eutectic solvents. Nanoscale Research Letters 10(1): 2-26.

Hu, J., Yang, X., Yu, J. & Dai, G. 2017. Carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption and interfacial mass transfer across vertically confined free liquid film-a numerical investigation. Chemical Engineering & Processing: Process Intensification 111: 46-56.

Jon, N., Abdullah, I. & Othaman, R. 2013. Effects of silica on the formation of epoxidised natural rubber/polyvinyl chloride membrane. Sains Malaysiana 42(4): 469-473.

Lee, C.H., Hyeon, D.H., Jung, H., Chung, W., Jo, D.H., Shin, D.K. & Kim, S.H. 2014. Effects of pore structure and PEI impregnation on carbon dioxide adsorption by ZSM-5 zeolites. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 23: 251-256.

Leron, R.B. & Li, M.H. 2013. Solubility of carbon dioxide in a choline chloride-ethylene glycol based deep eutectic solvent. Thermochimica Acta 551: 14-19.

Leron, R.B., Caparanga, A. & Li, M.H. 2013. Carbon dioxide solubility in a deep eutectic solvent based on choline chloride and urea at T = 303.15-343.15K and moderate pressures. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 44(6): 879-885.

Marcus, Y. 2018. Gas solubilities in deep eutectic solvents. Monatshefte Fur Chemie 149(2): 211-217.

Marliza, T.S., Yarmo, M.A., Hakim, A., Tahari, M.N.A., Hisham, M.W.M. & Taufiq-Yap, Y.H. 2017. CO2 capture on NiO supported imidazolium-based ionic liquid. American Institute of Physics 20008: 1-8.

Marwani, H.M. & Alsafrani, A.E. 2013. New solid phase extractor based on ionic liquid functionalized silica gel surface for selective separation and determination of lanthanum. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology 4(1): 13.

Ramdin, M., De Loos, T.W. & Vlugt, T.J.H. 2012. State-of-the-art of CO2 capture with ionic liquids. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 51: 8149-8177.

Rao, S. & Riahi, K. 2006. The role of non-CO2 greenhouse gases in climate change mitigation: Long-term scenarios for the 21st century. Energy Journal 27: 177-200.

Sarmad, S., Mikkola, J.P. & Ji, X. 2017. Carbon dioxide capture with ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents: A new generation of sorbents. ChemSusChem 10(2): 324-352.

Schaber, P.M., Colson, J., Higgins, S., Thielen, D., Anspach, B. & Brauer, J. 2004. Thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) of urea in an open reaction vessel. Thermochimica Acta 424(1-2): 131-142.

Shi, F., Zhang, Q., Li, D. & Deng, Y. 2005. Silica-gel-confined ionic liquids: A new attempt for the development of supported nanoliquid catalysis. Chemistry - A European Journal 11(18): 5279-5288.

Sing, S.W.K., Everett, D.H., Haul, R.A.W., Moscou, L., Pierotti, R.A., Rouquerol, J. & Siemieniewska, T. 1985. Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems. Pure Applied Chemistry 57: 603-619.

Vilarrasa-García, E., Cecilia, J.A., Santos, S.M.L., Cavalcante, C.L., Jiménez-Jiménez, J., Azevedo, D.C.S. & Rodríguez- Castellón, E. 2014. CO2 adsorption on APTES functionalized mesocellular foams obtained from mesoporous silicas. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 187: 125-134.

Wang, K., Shang, H., Li, L., Yan, X., Yan, Z., Liu, C. & Zha, Q. 2012. Efficient CO2 capture on low-cost silica gel modified by polyethyleneimine. Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry 21(3): 319-323.

Yu, B., Cong, H., Zhao, X.S. & Chen, Z. 2011. Carbon dioxide capture by Dendrimer-modified silica nanoparticles. Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 29(8): 781-788.

Yusuf, N.Y.M., Masdar, M.S., Isahak, W.N.R.W. & Nordin, D. 2018. Impregnated carbon- ionic liquid as innovative adsorbent for H2/CO2 separation from biohydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44(6): 3414-3424.

Zhang, J., Ma, Y., Shi, F., Liu, L. & Deng, Y. 2009. Room temperature ionic liquids as templates in the synthesis of mesoporous silica via a sol-gel method. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 119(1-3): 97-103.

Zhang, Y., Ji, X. & Lu, X. 2015. Choline-based deep eutectic solvents for mitigating carbon dioxide emissions. Novel Materials for Carbon Dioxide Mitigation Technology, edited by Shi, F. & Morreale, B. New York: Elsevier B.V. pp. 87-116.

Zhu, J., He, B., Huang, J., Li, C. & Ren, T. 2018. Effect of immobilization methods and the pore structure on CO2 separation performance in silica-supported ionic liquids. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 260(October 2017): 190-200.

Zhu, J., Xin, F., Huang, J., Dong, X. & Liu, H. 2014. Adsorption and diffusivity of CO2 in phosphonium ionic liquid modified silica. Chemical Engineering Journal 246: 79-87.

 

*Corresponding author; email: rizafizah@ukm.edu.my