Sains Malaysiana 48(5)(2019): 983–990

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4805-06

 

Transformation of Melinjo Seed Micropowders into Nanopowders Enhances Extractability of Phenolic Compounds and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity

(Transformasi Serbuk Mikro Biji Melinjo kepada Serbuk Nano Meningkatkan Pengekstrakan Sebatian Fenolik dan Merencat Aktiviti Tirosinase)

VIENNA SARASWATY^1,2, NI WAYAN WULAN PRAWERTI SUPARTA¹, HENRY SETIYANTO³, HENI RACHMAWATI¹ & I KETUT ADNYANA^1*

 

¹School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

 

²Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jalan Cisitu Sangkuriang Gd. 50, Bandung, Indonesia

 

³Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

 

Received: 20 September 2018/Accepted: 20 March 2019

 

ABSTRACT

Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seed powder extract exhibited antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity, thus showing potential as a dietary supplement or nutraceutical to prevent aging or hyperpigmentation. Previously, we found that particle size plays important role in extraction of bioactive compounds and influences their bioactivity. Thus, it is important to determine a certain particle size for the extraction process. In this study, we investigated the effects of transformation of melinjo seed micropowders into nanopowders by nanomilling using a high-energy ball mill (shaker mill). The effects of melinjo seed powders particle size on its physicochemical characteristics, extraction efficiency and release of phenolic compounds, as well as tyrosinase inhibitory activity were observed. The nanomilling successfully transformed melinjo seed micropowders into nanopowders within 90 min of milling. Particle size analysis showed that melinjo seed nanopowders were produced with a mean particle diameter of ~675 nm (PI 0.270). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the melinjo seed nanopowders obviously showed a smaller particle size, a smooth surface, amorphous shapes and irregular edges. The melinjo seed nanopowders at mean particle diameter of ~675 nm exhibited the highest extraction yield and phenolic compounds release. As a consequence, the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the melinjo seed nanopowders was 4.5 times higher than that of the melinjo seed micropowders. Based on the results obtained in this study, transformation of melinjo seed micropowders into nanopowders is very promising for improving the efficacy of melinjo seed as tyrosinase inhibitor.

 

Keywords: Extractability; melinjo; nanopowders; tyrosinase

 

ABSTRAK

Ekstrak serbuk biji Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) mengeluarkan antioksidan dan merencat aktiviti tirosinase sekali gus menunjukkan potensi sebagai makanan tambahan atau nutraseutik untuk mencegah penuaan atau hiperpigmentasi. Sebelum ini, kami mendapati bahawa saiz zarah memainkan peranan penting dalam pengekstrakan sebatian bioaktif dan mempengaruhi kemujaraban mereka. Oleh itu, adalah penting untuk menentukan saiz zarah tertentu untuk proses pengekstrakan. Dalam kajian ini, kami mengkaji kesan transformasi serbuk mikro biji melinjo kepada serbuk nano oleh pengisaran nano yang menggunakan sebuah kilang pengisar bola tenaga tinggi (kilang penggoncang). Kesan saiz zarah serbuk biji melinjo ke atas ciri-ciri fizikokimia, kecekapan pengekstrakan dan pengeluaran sebatian berfenol, serta merencat aktiviti tirosinase diperhatikan. Pengisaran nano yang berjaya berubah serbuk mikro biji melinjo menjadi serbuk nano dalam 90 min masa pengilangan. Analisis saiz zarah menunjukkan bahawa serbuk nano biji melinjo dihasilkan dengan diameter zarah min ~ 675 nm (PI 0.270). Imej-imej mikroskop elektron (SEM) serbuk nano biji melinjo jelas menunjukkan saiz zarah yang lebih kecil, bentuk amorfus, permukaan licin dan tepi tidak teratur. Serbuk nano biji melinjo pada diameter zarah min ~ 675 nm menunjukkan hasil perahan yang tertinggi dan sebatian fenol lepas. Akibatnya, aktiviti merencat tirosinase serbuk nano biji melinjo adalah sebanyak 4.5 kali lebih tinggi daripada serbuk mikro biji melinjo. Berdasarkan keputusan yang diperoleh dalam kajian ini, transformasi serbuk mikro biji melinjo kepada serbuk nano sangat berpotensi untuk memperbaiki keberkesanan biji melinjo sebagai perencat tirosinase.

 

Kata kunci: Melinjo; pengekstrakan; serbuk nano; tirosinase

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*Corresponding author; email: ketut@fa.itb.ac.id