Sains Malaysiana 48(9)(2019): 1919–1926

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4809-13

Evaluation of in vitro Bioactivity of Melaleuca cajuputi Powell Essential Oil against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse)

(Penilaian Bioaktiviti in vitro Minyak Pati Melaleuca cajuputi Powell terhadap Aedes aegypti (L.) dan Aedes albopictus (Skuse)

AZLINDA ABU BAKAR¹*, HAMDAN AHMAD², SALLEHUDIN SULAIMAN, BAHARUDIN OMAR & RASADAH MAT ALI

¹Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Darul Naim, Malaysia

²Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, 11800 USM, Minden Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

Received: 4 February 2019/Accepted: 13 June 2019

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil leaf extract against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The essential oil of the M. cajuputi was obtained via steam hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC-MS for the chemical constituents. GC-MS analysis showed that the essential oil of M. cajuputi contained 13 compounds with two major chemical constituents, 2-propenoic acid (29.55%) and caryophyllene (20.04%). Adulticidal and larvicidal bioassay was evaluated following WHO guidelines. Larvicidal bioassays were conducted with the 10, 50, 80, 100, and 120 mg/L M. cajuputi essential oil against late 3rd instar of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus which give LC50 120.99 mg/L and 222.58 mg/L, respectively. Adult mortality was observed after 24 h with the LC50 of 0.029 mg/cm2 for Ae. aegypti and 0.028 mg/cm2 for Ae. albopictus. In adulticidal bioassay, M. cajuputi essential oils showed effective results at 0.04 mg/cm2 concentrations, with values for KT50 of 77.71 min for Ae. aegypti and 69.49 min for Ae. albopictus. M. cajuputi essential oils exhibited moderate toxicity effects against the larva and adults of Aedes species and may be used as an alternative to chemical insecticide.

Keywords: Adulticidal; Aedes; essential oil; larvicidal; Melaleuca cajuputi

ABSTRAK

Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menilai aktiviti ekstrak daun minyak pati Melaleuca cajuputi secara in vitro terhadap larva Aedes aegypti dan Aedes albopictus. Minyak pati M. cajuputi diperoleh secara stim penyulingan-hidro dan dianalisis menggunakan GC-MS untuk menentukan komponen bahan kimia. Analisis GC-MS menunjukkan kandungan komponen kimia minyak pati M. cajuputi terdiri daripada 13 sebatian dengan dua unsur kimia utama iaitu asid 2-propenoik (29.55%) dan kariofilena (20.04%). Bioasai nyamuk dewasa dan larva dijalankan mengikut garis panduan WHO. Bioasai larva telah dijalankan dengan minyak pati M. cajuputi berkepekatan 10, 50, 80, 100, dan 120 mg/L terhadap instar 3 Ae. aegypti dan Ae. albopictus yang memberikan nilai LC50 masing-masing, ialah 120.99 mg/L dan 222.58 mg/L. Kadar mortaliti nyamuk dewasa diperhatikan selepas 24 jam dan nilai LC50 yang diperoleh bagi Ae. aegypti dan Ae. albopictus masing-masing, ialah 0.029 mg/cm2 dan 0.028 mg/cm2. Melalui ujian bioasai adultisid yang dijalankan, minyak pati M. cajuputi menunjukkan hasil yang efektif pada kepekatan 0.04 mg/cm2 dengan nilai KT50 ialah 77.71 min bagi Ae. aegypti dan 69.49 min bagi Ae. albopictus. Minyak pati M. cajuputi menunjukkan kesan ketoksikan sederhana terhadap larva dan dewasa spesies Aedes dan dapat digunakan sebagai insektisid alternatif terhadap insektisid bahan kimia.

Kata kunci: Adultisidal; Aedes; bioaktiviti; larvisidal; Melaleuca cajuputi; minyak pati

REFERENCES

Abu Bakar, A., Sulaiman, S., Omar, B. & Ali, R.M. 2018. Screening of five plant extracts for larvicidal efficacy against larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse). ASM Science Journal 11(2): 103-116.

Abu Bakar, A., Sulaiman, S., Omar, B. & Mat Ali, R. 2012. Evaluation of Melaleuca cajuputi (Family: Myrtaceae) essential oil in aerosol spray cans against dengue vectors in low cost housing flats. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Disease 6(1): 28-35.

Anwar, F., Hussain, A.I., Sherazi, S.T.H. & Bhanger, M.I. 2009. Changes in composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) fruit at different stages of maturity. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinals Plants 15: 187-202.

Azlinda, A.B., Sallehudin, S., Baharudin, O. & Rasadah, A. 2009. Evaluation of Melaleuca cajuputi Powell (Family: Myrtaceae) extract in aerosol can against dengue vectors in the laboratory. The Journal of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 32: 58-64.

Barbosa, P.C.S., Medeiros, R.S., Sampaio, P.T.B., Vieira, B.G., Wiedemann, L.S.M. & Veiga, V.F. 2012. Influence of abiotic factors on the chemical composition of copaiba oil (Copaifera multijuga hayne): Soil composition, seasonality and diameter at breast height. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 23(10): 1823-1833.

Brady, O.J., Johansson, M.A., Guerra, C.A., Bhatt, S., Golding, N., Pigott, D.M., Delatte, H., Grech, M.G., Leisnham, P.T., Maciel de-Freitas, R., Styer, L.M., Smith, D.L., Scott, T.W., Gething, P.W. & Hay, S.I. 2013. Modelling adult Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus survival at different temperatures in laboratory and field settings. Parasites & Vectors 6: 351.

Corner, E.J.H. 1997. Wayside Trees of Malaya. 4th edition. Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Nature Society.

David, J.P., Rey, D., Pautou, M.P. & Meyran, J.C. 2000. Differential toxicity of leaf litter to dipteran larvae of mosquito developmental sites. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 75: 9-18.

Dias, N.C., Alves, L.P.S., da Franca Rodrigues, K.A., Brito, M.C.A., dos Santos Rosa, C., do Amaral, F.M.M., dos Santos Monteiro, O., de Aguiar Andrade, E.H., Soares Maia, J.G. & Coutinho Moraes, D.F. 2015. Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oils extracted from Brazilian legal Amazon plants against Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015: 490765.

Feitosa, E.M.A., Arriaga, A.M.C., Santiago, G.M.P., de Lemos, T.L.G., de Oliveira, M.C.F., eVasconcelos, N.J., Lima, J.Q., Malcher, G.T., do Nascimento, R.F. & Braz Filho, R. 2009. Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of Rollinia leptopetala (Annonaceae). Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 20(2): 375-378.

Finney, D.J. 1971. Probit Analysis. 3rd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ghosh, A., Chowdhury, N. & Chandra, G. 2012. Plant extracts as potential mosquito larvicides. Indian Journal of Medical Research 135(5): 581-598.

Goindin, D., Delannay, C., Gelasse, A., Ramdini, C., Gaude, T., Faucon, F., David, J.P., Gustave, J., Vega-Rua, A. & Fouque, F. 2017. Levels of insecticide resistance to deltamethrin, malathion, and temephos, and associated mechanisms in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from the Guadeloupe and Saint Martin islands (French West Indies). Infectious Diseases of Poverty 6(1): 38.

Govindaraju, S., Karthik, C. & Indra Arulselvi, P. 2016. Evaluation of chemical composition and larvicidal activity of Coleus aromaticus essential oil, its major compound carvacrol against Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). International Journal of Mosquito Research 3(3): 6-11.

Jayakumar, M., Arivoli, S., Raveen, R. & Tennyson, S. 2016. Larvicidal and pupicidal efficacy of plant oils against Culex quinquefasciatus Say 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 4(5): 449-456.

Kamaraj, C., Abdul Rahman, A., Bagavan, A., Abduz Zahir, A., Elango, G., Kandan, P., Rajakumar, G., Marimuthu, S. & Santhoshkumar, T. 2010. Larvicidal efficacy of medicinal plant extracts against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Tropical Biomedicine 27(2): 211-220.

Kebede, Y., Gebre-Michael, T. & Balkew, M. 2010. Laboratory and field evaluation of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and Chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.) oils as repellents against Phlebotomus orientalis and P. bergeroti (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Ethiopia. Acta Tropica 113(2): 145-150.

Kim, J.H., Liu, K.H., Yoon, Y., Sornnuwat, Y., Kitirattrakarn, T. & Anantachoke, C. 2006. Essential leaf oils from Melaleuca cajuputi. Traditional medicine and nutraceuticals ISHS. III WOCMAP congress on medicinal and aromatic plants. Acta Horticulturae 6: 680.

Kim, S.I., Yoon, J.S., Jung, J.W., Hong, K.B., Ahn, Y.J. & Kwon, H.W. 2010. Toxicity and repellency of origanum essential oil and its components against Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 13(4): 369-373.

Lee, H.L., Rohani, A., Khadri, M.S., Nazni, W.A., Rozilawati, H., Nurulhusna, A.H., Nor Afizah, A.H., Roziah, A., Rosilawati, R. & Teh, C.H. 2015. Dengue vector control in Malaysia- Challenges and recent advances. The International Medical Journal Malaysia 14(1): 11-16.

Maciel, M.V., Morais, S.M., Bevilaqua, C.M.L., Silva, R.A., Barros, R.S., Sousam, R.N., Sousa, L.C., Brito, E.S. & Souza-Net, M.A. 2010. Chemical composition of Eucalyptus spp. essential oils and their insecticidal effects on Lutzomyia longipalpis. Veterinary Parasitology 167: 1-7.

Masetti, A. 2016. The potential use of essential oils against mosquito larvae. Bulletin of Insectology 69(2): 307-310.

Packierisamy, P.R., Ng, C.W., Dahlui, M., Inbaraj, J., Balan, V.K., Halasa, Y.A. & Shepard, D.S. 2015. Cost of dengue vector control activities in Malaysia. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93(5): 1020-1027.

Pavela, R. 2009. Larvicidal properties of essential oils against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Industrial Crops and Products 30: 311-315.

Regnault-Roger, C., Vincent, C. & Arnason, J.T. 2012. Essential oils in insect control: Low-risk products in a high-stakes world. Supplemental Material Annual Review of Entomology 57: 405-424.

Rey, D., Pautou, M.P. & Meyran, J.C. 1999. Histopathological effects of tannic acid on the midgut epithelium of some aquatic dipteral larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 73: 173-181.

Sakasegawa, M., Hori, K. & Yatagai, M. 2003. Composition and antitermite activities of essential oils from Melaleuca species. Journal of Wood Science 49: 181-187.

Skae, F.M.T. 1902. Dengue fever in Penang. British Medical Journal 2(2185): 1581-1582.

Sosan, M.B., Adewoyin, F.B. & Adewunmi, C.O. 2001. Larvicidal properties of three indigenous plant oils on the mosquito of Aedes aegypti. Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine 5: 30-33.

Southwell, I. & Lowe, R. 1999. Tea tree, the genus Melaleuca. In Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Industrial Profile. Volume 9. Reading: Harwood Academic Publishers. pp. 11-28.

Sujatha, C.H., Vasuki, V., Mariappan, T., Kalyanasundaram, M. & Das, P.K. 1988. Evaluation of plant extracts for biological activity against mosquitoes. International Pest Control 30: 122-124.

Sukumar, K., Perich, M.J. & Boobar, L.R. 1991. Botanical derivatives in mosquito control. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 72: 210-237.

Tapondjou, A.L., Adler, C., Fontem, D.A., Bouda, H. & Reichmuth, C. 2005. Bioactivities of cymol and essential oils of Cupressus sempervirens and Eucalyptus saligna against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Tribolium confusum du Val. Journal of Stored Products Research 4: 191-102.

WHO. 2005. Guidelines for Laboratory and Field Testing of Mosquito Larvicides WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/2005.13.

Yang, Y.C., Lee, S.G., Lee, H.K., Kim, M.K., Lee, S.H. & Lee, H.S. 2002. A piperidine amide extracted from Piper longum L. fruitshows activity against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50(13): 3765-3767.

*Corresponding author; email: azlindaab@usm.my