Sains Malaysiana 49(9)(2020): 2269-2279

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4909-24

Improving Rate of Gelatin/Carboxymethylcellulose Dissolving Microneedle for Transdermal Drug Delivery

(Penambah Baik Kadar Larutan Jarum Mikro Gelatin/Karboksimetilselulosa untuk Penghantaran Ubat Transdermal)

NUR AFIQAH MUSTAFA KAMAL¹, TUAN MAZLELAA TUAN MAHMOOD³, ISHAK AHMAD^1,2 & SURIA RAMLI^1,2*

¹Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Polymer Research Center (PORCE), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

³Drug and Herbal Development Centres, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

Received: 15 October 2019/Accepted: 8 May 2020

ABSTRACT

Gelatin has been widely used as a nature-derived biopolymer material due to its high biocompatibility and abundance. However, multiple fabrication steps for the moulding process may limit its application to microneedle technology as biomedical application. This research focused on physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics of gelatin-based dissolving microneedle (DMN) by adding in various concentrations of carboxymethylcellulose. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) derived from kenaf bast fibre were extracted by alkaline treatment and esterification process, followed by fabrication of DMN with gelatin using centrifuge-casting method. The formulation of G/CMC6 demonstrated the highest mechanical strength of 11.2 N by texture analyzer; hence, G/CMC6 was chosen for further investigate of its intra- and intermolecular bond, amorphous study, and its geometry by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). FTIR showed various chemical interactions involved including hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole and charge effect. The XRD result shows amorphous peak of gelatin decreased at 2θ = 20 - 21° with the addition of CMC. The height of microneedle arrays also decreased from its micromould by 36.7% due to agglomeration of CMC. Considering the biodegradability and the improvement of gelatin-based DMN mechanical properties by carboxymethylcellulose, the combination of gelatin and CMC is one of great potential for delivering drugs using microneedle.

Keywords: CMC; dissolving microneedle; gelatin; mechanical characteristics

ABSTRAK

Gelatin digunakan secara meluas sebagai sumber terbitan biopolimer semula jadi kerana sifatnya yang tinggi biokeserasian. Walau bagaimanapun, kaedah fabrikasi berganda bagi proses acuan dalam aplikasi teknologi jarum mikro adalah terhad. Kajian ini memfokus kepada sifat kimia, fizikal dan mekanikal jarum mikro terlarut (DMN) berasaskan gelatin dengan penambahan pelbagai variasi kepekatan selulosa karboksimetil (CMC). CMC yang digunakan merupakan terbitan daripada serabut kenaf yang diekstrak oleh rawatan alkali dan proses esterifikasi, kemudiannya gelatin dan variasi kepekatan CMC digunakan untuk memfabrikasikan jarum mikro terlarut dengan menggunakan kaedah tuangan-emparan. Formulasi G/CMC6 telah menunjukkan kekuatan mekanikal jarum mikro tertinggi dengan 11.2 N oleh analisis tekstur. Oleh itu, G/CMC6 dipilih untuk mengkaji ikatan intra- dan intermolekul, amorfus dan geometri menggunakan instrumentasi analisis spektroskopi transformasi Fourier infra merah (FTIR), pembelauan X-ray (XRD) dan mikroskopi imbasan elektron (SEM). FTIR menunjukkan terdapat interaksi kimia berlaku yang melibatkan ikatan hidrogen, dwikutub dan kesan cas. Keputusan XRD pula menunjukkan puncak amorfus gelatin semakin menurun pada 2θ = 20 - 21° dengan penambahan CMC. Panjang jarum mikro pula berkurangan semasa proses pengeringan, iaitu berkurangan sebanyak 36.7% daripada acuan atas faktor aglomerasi oleh CMC. Kajian ini telah membuktikan bahawa biodegradasi dan peningkatan mekanikal jarum mikro berasaskan gelatin dan CMC salah satu potensi untuk menghantar ubat dalam bidang farmaseutis.

Kata kunci: CMC; gelatin; jarum mikro; terlarut; sifat mekanikal

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*Corresponding author; email: su_ramli@ukm.edu.my