Sains Malaysiana 50(4)(2021): 1065-1076

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5004-17

Protective Effect of Copaifera salikounda Heckel against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatorenal Injury in Rat

(Kesan Perlindungan Copaifera salikounda Heckel terhadap Kecederaan Hepatorenal Teraruh-Parasetamol pada Tikus)

CHINYERE ALOKE¹*, NWOGO AJUKA OBASI¹, CHINEDUM UCHE EMELIKE², PATIENCE NKEMJIKA OGBU¹, GODSWILL ODUMERO UFEBE¹, ONYEBUCHI FEDERICK ORINYA³, EGWU CHINEDU OGBONNIA¹ & ANTHONY CHINWENDU ONYEKWERE¹

¹Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

²Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

³Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Received: 8 April 2020/Accepted: 18 September 2020

ABSTRACT

Drug-induced hepatorenal damage is a significant worldwide clinical challenge. In Nigeria, Copaifera salikounda seed pod ethanol extract (CSSPEE) is used in the treatment of many ailments including liver disorders. This study investigated the protective efficacy of CSSPEE against paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatorenal toxicity. Male albino Wistar rats were assigned at random into five different groups (n = 6). The normal control (Group I) was given normal saline via oral administration while Group II was given 500 mg/kg body weight of PCM via intra-peritoneal administration; Group III was administered 100 mgkg^-1 of silymarin (reference drug) while Groups IV and V were administered 200 and 400 mg kg^-1 of CSSPEE, respectively, per os for seven days prior to administration of PCM. CSSPEE pretreated groups protected PCM-induced hepatorenal damage as reflected by significant diminution (P < 0.05) in liver enzymes activities and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total bilirubin (TB), triglycerides (TG) and urea in comparison with group II. Also, CSSPEE pretreatment significantly increased (P < 0.05) the activities of catalase and GSH relative to group II while no significant elevation (P > 0.05) in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was observed in comparison to PCM group. CSSPEE also reversed liver and kidney PCM overdose caused histopathological alterations and ameliorated the tissue histology thereby corroborating the results of biochemical findings. CSSPEE produced analogous effects comparable to those produced by silymarin (reference drug). The results indicated that oral administration of CSSPEE conferred a dose-dependent protection against paracetamol-induced oxidative damage to liver and kidney.

Keywords: Antioxidant activity; glutathione; hepatoprotective; nephrotoxicity; oxidative stress; paracetamol

ABSTRAK

Kerosakan hepatorenal yang disebabkan oleh ubat merupakan cabaran klinikal di seluruh dunia. Di Nigeria, ekstrak etanol lenggaiCopaifera salikounda (CSSPEE) banyak digunakan dalam rawatan penyakit termasuk gangguan hati. Kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji keberkesanan perlindungan CSSPEE terhadap ketoksikan hepatorenal yang disebabkan oleh parasetamol (PCM). Tikus albino Wistar jantan dibahagikan secara rawak kepada lima kumpulan yang berbeza (n = 6). Kumpulan kawalan normal (Kumpulan I) diberi larutan garam normal melalui oral manakala Kumpulan II adalah kumpulan dengan berat badan 500 mg/kg PCM melalui intra-peritoneal; Kumpulan III pula diberikan 100 mg/kg silymarin (ubat rujukan) sementara Kumpulan IV dan V diberikan 200 dan 400 mg/kg CSSPEE, masing-masing per os selama tujuh hari sebelum diberikan PCM. Kumpulan pra-rawatan CSSPEE yang terlindung daripada kerosakan hepatorenal oleh PCM menunjukkan penurunan yang signifikan (P < 0.05) oleh aktiviti enzim hati dan tahap malondialdehid (MDA), total bilirubin (TB), trigliserida (TG) dan urea dibandingkan dengan kumpulan II. Pra-rawatan CSSPEE secara signifikan meningkatkan (P < 0.05) aktiviti katalase dan GSH berbanding dengan kumpulan II sementara tidak ada peningkatan yang signifikan (P > 0.05) pada superoksida dismutase (SOD), glutation peroksidase (GPx) dan lipoprotin berkepadatan tinggi (HDL) dibandingkan dengan kumpulan PCM. CSSPEE juga membalikkan dos terlampau oleh PCM terhadap hati dan ginjal yang menyebabkan perubahan pada histopatologi dan memperbaiki histologi tisu sehingga menunjukkan hasil penemuan biokimia. CSSPEE menghasilkan kesan yang setanding dengan silymarin (ubat rujukan). Hasilnya menunjukkan bahawa pemberian oral CSSPEE memberikan perlindungan bergantung kepada dos terhadap kerosakan oksidatif yang disebabkan oleh parasetamol pada hati dan ginjal.

Kata kunci: Aktiviti antioksidan; glutation; hepatopelindung; nefrotoksisiti; parasetamol; tekanan oksidaan

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*Corresponding author; email: alokec2002@yahoo.com