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Sains Malaysiana 50(6)(2021): 1609-1620
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5006-09
Characterization of Indoor Air Quality in Relation
to Ventilation Practices in Hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan
(Pencirian Kualiti Udara Dalam Ruang dengan Hubungan kepada Amalan Ventilasi di Hospital Lahore, Pakistan)
AFZAL NIMRA1*, ZULFIQAR ALI1,
ZAHEER AHMAD NASIR2, SEAN TYRREL2 & SAFDAR SIDRA3
1Environmental Health and Wildlife, Department of Zoology, University of
the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
2School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield,
Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
3Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal
Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Received: 26 May 2020/Accepted: 6 November 2020
ABSTRACT
Temporal variations of particulate
matter (PM) and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) in orthopedic wards and
emergency rooms of different hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan were investigated.
Hospitals were classified into two groups, I (centrally air-conditioned) and II
(non-central air-conditioned) based on the ventilation system. Statistical
analysis indicated significantly lower PM and CO2 levels in
centrally air-conditioned hospitals in comparison to non-central
air-conditioned. The low indoor-outdoor (I/O) ratio of PM2.5 in the ward and emergency rooms of group I (0.62, 0.45) as
compared to group II (0.70, 0.83), respectively, suggested that indoor spaces
equipped with central air-conditioning systems efficiently filter particulates
as compared to non- central air conditioning systems. Apart from the ventilation type,
increased visitor and doctors’ activities, and cleaning sessions were observed
to contribute significantly to indoor air quality. This study adds up to the
understanding of temporal variations in PM emissions and the role of
ventilation systems in context of hospitals in the urban centers in Pakistan.
The findings can inform the development of intervention strategies to
maintain the appropriate air quality in health care built environment in
developing countries.
Keywords: Central air
conditioning systems; CO2; HVAC; indoor air; particulate matter;
split air conditioning systems
ABSTRAK
Variasi temporal jirim zarah (PM) dan karbon dioksida (CO2 )
di wad ortopedik dan bilik kecemasan daripada hospital yang berbeza di Lahore, Pakistan telah dikaji. Hospital telah dikelaskan kepada dua kumpulan, I (hawa dingin berpusat)
dan II (hawa dingin tidak berpusat) berdasarkan daripada sistem ventilasi. Analisis statistik menunjukkan tahap PM dan CO2 adalah ketara rendah dalam hawa dingin berpusat jika dibandingkan dengan hawa dingin tidak berpusat. Nisbah dalaman-luaran (I/O) masing-masing daripada PM2.5 di dalam wad dan bilik kecemasan daripada kumpulan I (0.62, 0.45) dan kumpulan II (0.70, 0.83), menunjukkan bahawa ruang dalam yang dilengkapi dengan sistem hawa dingin berpusat menapis zarah secara cekap jika dibandingkan dengan sistem hawa dingin tidak berpusat. Selain daripada jenis ventilasi, peningkatan pelawat dan aktiviti para doktor serta sesi pembersihan telah diperhati memberi sumbangan besar terhadap kualiti udara ruang dalam.
Kajian ini menambah pemahaman terhadap variasi temporal pengeluaran PM
dan peranan sistem ventilasi dalam konteks hospital di kawasan pusat bandar Pakistan. Penemuan ini dapat memaklumkan pembangunan strategi intervensi untuk menjaga kualiti udara yang sesuai bagi pusat penjagaan kesihatan di negara yang membangun.
Kata kunci: Bahan zarah; CO2; HVAC; sistem hawa dingin berpusat; sistem udara hawa dingin terpisah; udara dalam ruang
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*Corresponding author; email: nimraafzal90@gmail.com
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