Sains Malaysiana 52(1)(2023): 153-164

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5201-12

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Antioxidant Activity in Relation to Rhoifolin Content of Fortunella polyandra using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

(Pengoptimuman Pengekstrakan Berbantu Ultrabunyi untuk Aktiviti Antioksidan Berkaitan Kandungan Rhoifolin Fortunella polyandra menggunakan Kaedah Gerak Balas Permukaan (RSM))

HAZIM SYAHMI ELIAS^1,3, SYARUL NATAQAIN BAHARUM¹, KAMALRUL AZLAN AZIZAN¹, WAN YAACOB WAN AHMAD², ‪SHEELA CHANDREN³ & NORAZAH BASAR^3,4,*

¹Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²School of Chemical Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

³Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia

⁴Centre of Lipids Engineering & Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia

Received: 5 July 2022/Accepted: 4 November 2022

Abstract

Fortunella polyandra (Ridl) Tanaka or Malayan kumquat, is a family of Rutaceae from Malaysia known for its various active compounds, especially flavonoids. This study aims to verify the optimum condition and correlation of leaves extract in Fortunella polyandra by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for antioxidant activities and apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside (rhoifolin) contents using the response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite rotatable design (CCD) was performed to investigate the influence of the extraction parameters on maximum antioxidant activity, namely temperatures (X₁), times (X₂), and solvent ratios of ethanol:water (X₃). The optimal extraction conditions for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity were obtained at extraction time of 5 min, temperature of 30 °C and solvent ratio of 70:30, ethanol:water with IC₅₀ value of  0.126±0.004 mg/mL. Rhoifolin content and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay share the same optimum condition at extraction time of 5 min, temperature of 30 °C, and solvent ratio of 30:70, ethanol:water. Under these conditions, rhoifolin content was measured at 67.83±0.37 ppm, whereas FRAP equivalent value was recorded at 0.22±0.01 mg/mL. All three responses from the model achieved 95% confidence level. Correlation study showed that there is no relationship between the rhoifolin content and the antioxidant activities of Fortunella polyandra extract.

Keywords: Antioxidant activity; central composite design (CCD); Fortunella polyandra; response surface methodology (RSM); rhoifolin; ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)

Abstrak

Fortunella poliandra (Ridl) Tanaka atau kumquat Malaya, tergolong dalam famili Rutaceae dari Malaysia yang terkenal dengan pelbagai sebatian aktif terutamanya flavonoid. Walau bagaimanapun, kaedah pengekstrakan tradisi yang digunakan untuk mengekstrak sebatian aktif ini mengambil masa yang lama dan rumit. Secara khususnya, kaedah pengekstrakan berbantukan ultrabunyi (UAE) untuk mengekstrak sebatian aktif telah diketengahkan dan boleh menjadi salah satu kaedah yang berkesan untuk mengekstrak sebatian aktif daripada Fortunella polyandra. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentusahkan keadaan optimum ekstrak daun Fortunella poliandra menggunakan kaedah pengekstrakan berbantu ultrabunyi (UAE) untuk mengkaji aktiviti antioksidan dan korelasi kandungan apigenin 7-O-neohesperidosida (rhoifolin) menggunakan kaedah gerak balas permukaan (RSM). Reka bentuk komposit pusat (CCD) digunakan untuk mengkaji kesan parameter pengekstrakan ke atas aktiviti optimum antioksidan, iaitu suhu (X₁), masa (X₂) dan nisbah pelarut etanol:air (X₃). Keadaan optimum pengekstrakan untuk aktiviti pemerangkapan 2,2-difenil-1-pikrillhidrazil (DFPH) diperoleh pada masa pengekstrakan 5 minit, suhu 30 °C dan nisbah pelarut 70:30, etanol:air dengan nilai IC₅₀ 0.126±0.004 mg/mL. Kandungan rhoifolin dan cerakinan keupayaan antioksidan penurunan ferik (FRAP) menunjukkan keadaan optimum yang sama iaitu pada masa pengekstrakan selama 5 minit, suhu 30 °C dan nisbah pelarut 30:70, etanol:air. Di bawah keadaan optimum ini, kandungan rhoifolin yang diperoleh adalah 67.83±0.37 ppm, manakala nilai setara FRAP direkodkan pada 0.22±0.01 mg/mL. Ketiga-tiga gerak balas daripada model ini mencapai aras keyakinan 95%. Kajian korelasi menunjukkan tiada hubungan antara kandungan rhoifolin dan aktiviti antioksidan ekstrak Fortunella poliandra.

Kata kunci: Aktiviti antioksidan; Fortunella poliandra; kaedah gerak balas permukaan (RSM); pengekstrakan berbantu ultrabunyi (UAE); reka bentuk komposit pusat (CCD); rhoifolin

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*Corresponding author; email: norazahb@utm.my